Implement new score multipliers (#37967)

- Part of https://github.com/ppy/osu/issues/37818

Updates score multipliers to latest proposals, and bumps replay version
ready for recalculation.

---

For anyone following along, **please wait for the incoming news post
before sharing this publicly**. This is intended for internal
development use at this point. There's still some time before these go
live.

---------

Co-authored-by: Bartłomiej Dach <dach.bartlomiej@gmail.com>

osu.Android.props

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
     <EmbedAssembliesIntoApk>true</EmbedAssembliesIntoApk>
   </PropertyGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
-    <PackageReference Include="ppy.osu.Framework.Android" Version="2026.513.0" />
+    <PackageReference Include="ppy.osu.Framework.Android" Version="2026.527.0" />
   </ItemGroup>
   <PropertyGroup>
     <!-- Fody does not handle Android build well, and warns when unchanged.

osu.Game.Benchmarks/BenchmarkScoreMultiplierCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Benchmarks
+{
+    public class BenchmarkScoreMultiplierCalculator : BenchmarkTest
+    {
+        private ScoreMultiplierCalculator calculator = null!;
+
+        [Params(1, 10, 100)]
+        public int Times { get; set; }
+
+        public record ModTestCase(string Description, IEnumerable<Mod> Mods)
+        {
+            public override string ToString() => Description;
+        }
+
+        public static IEnumerable<ModTestCase> ValuesForMods =>
+        [
+            new ModTestCase("no mods", []),
+            new ModTestCase("single mod", [new OsuModHardRock()]),
+            new ModTestCase("single mod 2", [new OsuModEasy()]),
+            new ModTestCase("multiple mods", [new OsuModHidden(), new OsuModHardRock(), new OsuModDoubleTime()]),
+            new ModTestCase("mods with adjusted settings", [
+                new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 2 } },
+                new OsuModHidden { OnlyFadeApproachCircles = { Value = true } },
+                new OsuModHardRock()
+            ]),
+        ];
+
+        [ParamsSource(nameof(ValuesForMods))]
+        public ModTestCase Mods { get; set; } = null!;
+
+        public override void SetUp()
+        {
+            base.SetUp();
+            calculator = new OsuRuleset().CreateScoreMultiplierCalculator(new ScoreMultiplierContext(new BeatmapDifficulty()));
+        }
+
+        [Benchmark]
+        public double ViaCalculator()
+            => viaCalculator(Times, Mods);
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ViaCalculator([Values(100)] int times, [ValueSource(nameof(ValuesForMods))] ModTestCase mods)
+            => viaCalculator(times, mods);
+
+        private double viaCalculator(int times, ModTestCase mods)
+        {
+            double scoreMultiplier = 1;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < times; ++i)
+                scoreMultiplier = calculator.CalculateFor(mods.Mods);
+
+            return scoreMultiplier;
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Tests/CatchScoreMultiplierTest.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using osu.Framework.Utils;
+using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
+using osu.Game.Scoring;
+using osu.Game.Tests.Rulesets;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Tests
+{
+    public class CatchScoreMultiplierTest : RulesetScoreMultiplierTest
+    {
+        public CatchScoreMultiplierTest()
+            : base(new CatchRuleset())
+        {
+        }
+
+        private static readonly object[][] test_cases =
+        [
+            #region Difficulty Reduction
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModEasy() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNoFail() }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.50 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.55 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.60 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.65 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.70 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.75 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.80 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.85 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.90 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.95 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.99 } } }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.50 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.55 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.60 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.65 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.70 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.75 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.80 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.85 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.90 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.95 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.99 } } }, 0.5],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Difficulty Increase
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHardRock() }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModSuddenDeath() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModPerfect() }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.01 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.05 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.10 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.15 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.20 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.25 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.30 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.35 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.40 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.45 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.50 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.55 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.60 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.65 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.70 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.75 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.80 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.85 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.90 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.95 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 2.00 } } }, 1.20],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.01 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.05 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.10 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.15 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.20 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.25 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.30 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.35 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.40 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.45 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.50 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.55 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.60 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.65 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.70 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.75 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.80 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.85 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.90 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.95 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 2.00 } } }, 1.20],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHidden() }, 1.06],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModFlashlight() }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModFlashlight { ComboBasedSize = { Value = false } } }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ModAccuracyChallenge() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Conversion
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDifficultyAdjust() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModClassic() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModMirror() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Automation
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModAutoplay() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModCinema() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModRelax() }, 0.1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Fun
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindUp() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindDown() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModFloatingFruits() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModMuted() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNoScope() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModMovingFast() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModSynesthesia() }, 0.8],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region System
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ModScoreV2() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Combinations
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHidden(), new CatchModHardRock() }, 1.06 * 1.12]
+
+            #endregion
+        ];
+
+        [TestCaseSource(nameof(test_cases))]
+        public void TestMultipliers(Mod[] mods, double expectedMultiplier)
+            => TestModCombination(mods, expectedMultiplier);
+
+        [TestCase(30000001, 0.96)]
+        [TestCase(30000009, 0.96)]
+        [TestCase(30000016, 0.96)]
+        [TestCase(30000017, 1)]
+        [TestCase(null, 1)]
+        public void TestClassicMultiplierVersioning(int? totalScoreVersion, double expectedMultiplier)
+        {
+            var scoreInfo = totalScoreVersion != null ? new ScoreInfo { TotalScoreVersion = totalScoreVersion.Value } : null;
+            var calculator = Ruleset.CreateScoreMultiplierCalculator(new ScoreMultiplierContext(new BeatmapDifficulty(), scoreInfo));
+            Assert.That(calculator.CalculateFor([new CatchModClassic()]), Is.EqualTo(expectedMultiplier).Within(Precision.DOUBLE_EPSILON));
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/CatchRuleset.cs

@@ -169,6 +169,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch
             }
         }
 
+        public override ScoreMultiplierCalculator CreateScoreMultiplierCalculator(ScoreMultiplierContext context) => new CatchScoreMultiplierCalculator(context);
+
         public override string Description => "osu!catch";
 
         public override string ShortName => SHORT_NAME;

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Edit/BananaShowerCompositionTool.cs

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
-using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit.Blueprints;
-using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Tools;
 
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit
     public class BananaShowerCompositionTool : CompositionTool
     {
         public BananaShowerCompositionTool()
-            : base(nameof(BananaShower))
+            : base("Banana shower")
         {
         }
 
-        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new BeatmapStatisticIcon(BeatmapStatisticsIconType.Spinners);
+        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new SpriteIcon { Icon = OsuIcon.EditorBananaShower };
 
         public override HitObjectPlacementBlueprint CreatePlacementBlueprint() => new BananaShowerPlacementBlueprint();
     }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Edit/CatchBlueprintContainer.cs

@@ -3,11 +3,16 @@
 
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Containers;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
 using osu.Framework.Input.Events;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit.Blueprints;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects;
+using osu.Game.Screens.Edit.Components.TernaryButtons;
 using osu.Game.Screens.Edit.Compose.Components;
 using osuTK;
 
@@ -22,6 +27,29 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit
         {
         }
 
+        protected override Drawable CreateNewComboButton() => new NewComboTernaryButton
+        {
+            Current = NewCombo,
+            CreateIcon = () => new Container
+            {
+                Children = new Drawable[]
+                {
+                    new SpriteIcon
+                    {
+                        Anchor = Anchor.BottomLeft,
+                        Origin = Anchor.BottomLeft,
+                        Icon = OsuIcon.EditorFruit,
+                        Size = new Vector2(15),
+                    },
+                    new SpriteIcon
+                    {
+                        Icon = OsuIcon.EditorNewComboSparkles,
+                        Size = new Vector2(20),
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        };
+
         protected override SelectionHandler<HitObject> CreateSelectionHandler() => new CatchSelectionHandler();
 
         public override HitObjectSelectionBlueprint? CreateHitObjectBlueprintFor(HitObject hitObject)

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Edit/FruitCompositionTool.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
-using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit.Blueprints;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit
         {
         }
 
-        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new BeatmapStatisticIcon(BeatmapStatisticsIconType.Circles);
+        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new SpriteIcon { Icon = OsuIcon.EditorFruit };
 
         public override HitObjectPlacementBlueprint CreatePlacementBlueprint() => new FruitPlacementBlueprint();
     }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Edit/JuiceStreamCompositionTool.cs

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
-using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit.Blueprints;
-using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Tools;
 
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit
     public class JuiceStreamCompositionTool : CompositionTool
     {
         public JuiceStreamCompositionTool()
-            : base(nameof(JuiceStream))
+            : base("Juice stream")
         {
         }
 
-        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new BeatmapStatisticIcon(BeatmapStatisticsIconType.Sliders);
+        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new SpriteIcon { Icon = OsuIcon.EditorJuiceStream };
 
         public override HitObjectPlacementBlueprint CreatePlacementBlueprint() => new JuiceStreamPlacementBlueprint();
     }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Mods/CatchModFlashlight.cs

@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Mods
 {
     public partial class CatchModFlashlight : ModFlashlight<CatchHitObject>
     {
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.12 : 1;
-
         public override BindableFloat SizeMultiplier { get; } = new BindableFloat(1)
         {
             MinValue = 0.5f,

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Mods/CatchModFloatingFruits.cs

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Mods
         public override string Name => "Floating Fruits";
         public override string Acronym => "FF";
         public override LocalisableString Description => "The fruits are... floating?";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModFloatingFruits;
 
         public void ApplyToDrawableRuleset(DrawableRuleset<CatchHitObject> drawableRuleset)

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Mods/CatchModHardRock.cs

@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Mods
 {
     public class CatchModHardRock : ModHardRock, IApplicableToBeatmapProcessor
     {
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.12 : 1;
-
         public void ApplyToBeatmapProcessor(IBeatmapProcessor beatmapProcessor)
         {
             var catchProcessor = (CatchBeatmapProcessor)beatmapProcessor;

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Mods/CatchModHidden.cs

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Mods
     public class CatchModHidden : ModHidden, IApplicableToDrawableRuleset<CatchHitObject>
     {
         public override LocalisableString Description => @"Play with fading fruits.";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.06 : 1;
 
         private const double fade_out_offset_multiplier = 0.6;
         private const double fade_out_duration_multiplier = 0.44;

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Mods/CatchModMovingFast.cs

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Mods
         public override string Acronym => "MF";
         public override LocalisableString Description => "Dashing by default, slow down!";
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Fun;
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModMovingFast;
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => new[] { typeof(ModAutoplay), typeof(ModRelax) };
 

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Scoring/CatchScoreMultiplierCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
+using osu.Game.Scoring;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Scoring
+{
+    public class CatchScoreMultiplierCalculator : ScoreMultiplierCalculator
+    {
+        public CatchScoreMultiplierCalculator(ScoreMultiplierContext context)
+            : base(context)
+        {
+            #region Difficulty Reduction
+
+            Single<CatchModEasy>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<CatchModNoFail>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<CatchModHalfTime>(hasMultiplier: halfTime => rateAdjustMultiplier(halfTime.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<CatchModDaycore>(hasMultiplier: daycore => rateAdjustMultiplier(daycore.SpeedChange.Value));
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Difficulty Increase
+
+            Single<CatchModHardRock>(hasMultiplier: hardRock => hardRock.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.12 : 1);
+            // Sudden Death
+            // Perfect
+            Single<CatchModDoubleTime>(hasMultiplier: doubleTime => rateAdjustMultiplier(doubleTime.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<CatchModNightcore>(hasMultiplier: nightcore => rateAdjustMultiplier(nightcore.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<CatchModHidden>(hasMultiplier: hidden => hidden.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.06 : 1);
+            Single<CatchModFlashlight>(hasMultiplier: flashlight => flashlight.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.12 : 1);
+            // Accuracy Challenge
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Conversion
+
+            Single<CatchModDifficultyAdjust>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<CatchModClassic>(hasMultiplier: _ => classicMultiplier(context.Score));
+            // Mirror
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Automation
+
+            // Autoplay
+            // Cinema
+            Single<CatchModRelax>(hasMultiplier: 0.1);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Fun
+
+            Single<ModWindUp>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<ModWindDown>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            // Floating Fruits
+            // Muted
+            // No Scope
+            // Moving Fast
+            Single<CatchModSynesthesia>(hasMultiplier: 0.8);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region System
+
+            // Score V2
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+
+        private static double rateAdjustMultiplier(double speedChange)
+        {
+            // Round to the nearest multiple of 0.1.
+            double value = (int)(speedChange * 10) / 10.0;
+
+            // Offset back to 0.
+            value -= 1;
+
+            if (speedChange >= 1)
+                return 1 + value / 5;
+            else
+                return 0.6 + value;
+        }
+
+        private static double classicMultiplier(ScoreInfo? score)
+        {
+            if (score != null && score.TotalScoreVersion < 30000017)
+                return 0.96;
+
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests/ManiaLegacyBeatmapEncoderTest.cs

@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests
             var decoded = DecodeFromLegacy(beatmaps_resource_store.GetStream($"Resources/Testing/Beatmaps/{name}.osu"), beatmaps_resource_store, name);
             var decodedAfterEncode = DecodeFromLegacy(EncodeToLegacy(decoded), beatmaps_resource_store, name);
 
-            Sort(decoded.beatmap);
+            Sort(decoded.Beatmap);
-            Sort(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap);
+            Sort(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap);
 
             CompareBeatmaps(decoded, decodedAfterEncode);
         }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests/ManiaScoreMultiplierTest.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using System;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using osu.Framework.Utils;
+using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
+using osu.Game.Scoring;
+using osu.Game.Tests.Rulesets;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests
+{
+    public class ManiaScoreMultiplierTest : RulesetScoreMultiplierTest
+    {
+        public ManiaScoreMultiplierTest()
+            : base(new ManiaRuleset())
+        {
+        }
+
+        private static readonly object[][] test_cases =
+        [
+            #region Difficulty Reduction
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModEasy() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNoFail() }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.50 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.55 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.60 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.65 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.70 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.75 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.80 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.85 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.90 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.95 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.99 } } }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.50 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.55 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.60 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.65 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.70 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.75 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.80 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.85 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.90 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.95 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.99 } } }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNoRelease() }, 0.9],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Difficulty Increase
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHardRock() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModSuddenDeath() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModPerfect() }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.01 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.05 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.10 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.15 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.20 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.25 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.30 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.35 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.40 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.45 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.50 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.55 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.60 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.65 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.70 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.75 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.80 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.85 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.90 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.95 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 2.00 } } }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.01 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.05 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.10 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.15 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.20 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.25 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.30 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.35 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.40 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.45 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.50 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.55 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.60 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.65 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.70 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.75 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.80 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.85 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.90 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.95 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 2.00 } } }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModFadeIn() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHidden() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModCover() }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModFlashlight() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModAccuracyChallenge() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Conversion
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModRandom() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDualStages() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModMirror() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDifficultyAdjust() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModClassic() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModInvert() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModConstantSpeed() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHoldOff() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey1() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey2() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey3() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey4() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey5() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey6() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey7() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey8() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey9() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey10() }, 0.9],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Automation
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModAutoplay() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModCinema() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Fun
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindUp() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindDown() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModMuted() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModAdaptiveSpeed() }, 0.5],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region System
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModScoreV2() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Combinations
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModEasy(), new ManiaModKey4() }, 0.5 * 0.9]
+
+            #endregion
+        ];
+
+        [TestCaseSource(nameof(test_cases))]
+        public void TestMultipliers(Mod[] mods, double expectedMultiplier)
+            => TestModCombination(mods, expectedMultiplier);
+
+        private static readonly object[][] key_mod_multiplier_test_cases =
+        [
+            // score end date, client version, expected multiplier
+
+            // scores verifiably from old clients.
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2024, 1, 31, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2024.130.2", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2024, 12, 9, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2024.1208.0", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 6, 12, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2025.605.3", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 6, 28, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2025.625.0-tachyon", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 7, 11, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2025.710.0-lazer", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 7, 15, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2025.711.0-tachyon", 1],
+
+            // scores without explicit client versions, predating the change of multiplier.
+            // those MUST have used the old multiplier.
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2024, 1, 31, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2024, 12, 9, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 6, 12, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 6, 28, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 7, 11, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 7, 15, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 1],
+
+            // scores without explicit client versions, AFTER the change of multiplier.
+            // there is NO way of verifying whether these scores use the new or old multiplier, therefore GUESS that it's the new one.
+            // "thankfully" the window of opportunity for this occurring *should* be slim
+            // (from client release with new key mod multipliers on July 18, 2025
+            // until spectator server release which added client version writing to server-side replays on August 1, 2025).
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 7, 19, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 0.9],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 7, 23, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 0.9],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 8, 19, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 0.9],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2026, 6, 18, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 0.9],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2026, 7, 18, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 0.9],
+
+            // scores verifiably from new clients.
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 7, 19, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2025.718.0-tachyon", 0.9],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 7, 23, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2025.721.0-tachyon", 0.9],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 8, 19, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2025.816.0-lazer", 0.9],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2026, 6, 18, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2026.518.0-lazer", 0.9],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2026, 7, 18, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2026.522.1-tachyon", 0.9],
+        ];
+
+        [TestCaseSource(nameof(key_mod_multiplier_test_cases))]
+        public void TestKeyModMultiplierCompatibility(DateTimeOffset endDate, string clientVersion, double expectedMultiplier)
+        {
+            var calculator = Ruleset.CreateScoreMultiplierCalculator(new ScoreMultiplierContext(new BeatmapDifficulty(), new ScoreInfo
+            {
+                Date = endDate,
+                ClientVersion = clientVersion
+            }));
+            Assert.That(calculator.CalculateFor([new ManiaModKey4()]), Is.EqualTo(expectedMultiplier).Within(Precision.DOUBLE_EPSILON));
+        }
+
+        [TestCase(30000001, 0.96)]
+        [TestCase(30000009, 0.96)]
+        [TestCase(30000016, 0.96)]
+        [TestCase(30000017, 1)]
+        [TestCase(null, 1)]
+        public void TestClassicMultiplierVersioning(int? totalScoreVersion, double expectedMultiplier)
+        {
+            var scoreInfo = totalScoreVersion != null ? new ScoreInfo { TotalScoreVersion = totalScoreVersion.Value } : null;
+            var calculator = Ruleset.CreateScoreMultiplierCalculator(new ScoreMultiplierContext(new BeatmapDifficulty(), scoreInfo));
+            Assert.That(calculator.CalculateFor([new ManiaModClassic()]), Is.EqualTo(expectedMultiplier).Within(Precision.DOUBLE_EPSILON));
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests/Mods/TestSceneManiaModDoubleTime.cs

@@ -8,8 +8,10 @@ using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Replays;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Scoring;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Replays;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
 using osu.Game.Tests.Visual;
 
 namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests.Mods
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests.Mods
                 Mod = doubleTime,
                 PassCondition = () => Player.ScoreProcessor.JudgedHits > 0
                                       && Player.ScoreProcessor.Accuracy.Value == 1
-                                      && Player.ScoreProcessor.TotalScore.Value == (long)(1_000_000 * doubleTime.ScoreMultiplier),
+                                      && Player.ScoreProcessor.TotalScore.Value == (long)(1_000_000 * new ManiaScoreMultiplierCalculator(new ScoreMultiplierContext(new BeatmapDifficulty())).CalculateFor([doubleTime])),
                 Autoplay = false,
                 CreateBeatmap = () => new Beatmap
                 {

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Edit/Blueprints/ManiaPlacementBlueprint.cs

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Skinning.Default;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.UI;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects.Types;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.UI.Scrolling;
 using osuTK;
 using osuTK.Input;
@@ -90,5 +92,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit.Blueprints
         private float getNoteHeight(Column resultPlayfield) =>
             resultPlayfield.ToScreenSpace(new Vector2(DefaultNotePiece.NOTE_HEIGHT)).Y -
             resultPlayfield.ToScreenSpace(Vector2.Zero).Y;
+
+        public override bool ReplacesExistingObject(HitObject existing)
+            => base.ReplacesExistingObject(existing) && HitObject.Column == ((IHasColumn)existing).Column;
     }
 }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Edit/HoldNoteCompositionTool.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
-using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Tools;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit.Blueprints;
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit
         {
         }
 
-        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new BeatmapStatisticIcon(BeatmapStatisticsIconType.Sliders);
+        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new SpriteIcon { Icon = OsuIcon.EditorHoldNote };
 
         public override HitObjectPlacementBlueprint CreatePlacementBlueprint() => new HoldNotePlacementBlueprint();
     }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Edit/ManiaBlueprintContainer.cs

@@ -3,11 +3,16 @@
 
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Containers;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
 using osu.Framework.Input.Events;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit.Blueprints;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects;
+using osu.Game.Screens.Edit.Components.TernaryButtons;
 using osu.Game.Screens.Edit.Compose.Components;
 using osuTK;
 
@@ -22,6 +27,29 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit
         {
         }
 
+        protected override Drawable CreateNewComboButton() => new NewComboTernaryButton
+        {
+            Current = NewCombo,
+            CreateIcon = () => new Container
+            {
+                Children = new Drawable[]
+                {
+                    new SpriteIcon
+                    {
+                        Anchor = Anchor.BottomLeft,
+                        Origin = Anchor.BottomLeft,
+                        Icon = OsuIcon.EditorNote,
+                        Size = new Vector2(15),
+                    },
+                    new SpriteIcon
+                    {
+                        Icon = OsuIcon.EditorNewComboSparkles,
+                        Size = new Vector2(20),
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        };
+
         public override HitObjectSelectionBlueprint? CreateHitObjectBlueprintFor(HitObject hitObject)
         {
             switch (hitObject)

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Edit/NoteCompositionTool.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
-using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Tools;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit.Blueprints;
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit
         {
         }
 
-        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new BeatmapStatisticIcon(BeatmapStatisticsIconType.Circles);
+        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new SpriteIcon { Icon = OsuIcon.EditorNote };
 
         public override HitObjectPlacementBlueprint CreatePlacementBlueprint() => new NotePlacementBlueprint();
     }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/ManiaRuleset.cs

@@ -307,6 +307,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania
             }
         }
 
+        public override ScoreMultiplierCalculator CreateScoreMultiplierCalculator(ScoreMultiplierContext context) => new ManiaScoreMultiplierCalculator(context);
+
         public override string Description => "osu!mania";
 
         public override string ShortName => SHORT_NAME;

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Mods/ManiaKeyMod.cs

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods
         public override string Acronym => Name;
         public abstract int KeyCount { get; }
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Conversion;
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 0.9;
         public override bool Ranked => UsesDefaultConfiguration;
 
         public void ApplyToBeatmapConverter(IBeatmapConverter beatmapConverter)

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Mods/ManiaModConstantSpeed.cs

@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods
 
         public override string Acronym => "CS";
 
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 0.9;
-
         public override LocalisableString Description => "No more tricky speed changes!";
 
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModConstantSpeed;

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Mods/ManiaModCover.cs

@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods
 
         public override LocalisableString Description => @"Decrease the playfield's viewing area.";
 
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
-
         protected override CoverExpandDirection ExpandDirection => Direction.Value;
 
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => base.IncompatibleMods.Concat(new[]

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Mods/ManiaModDoubleTime.cs

@@ -7,9 +7,5 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods
 {
     public class ManiaModDoubleTime : ModDoubleTime, IManiaRateAdjustmentMod
     {
-        // For now, all rate-increasing mods should be given a 1x multiplier in mania because it doesn't always
-        // make the map harder and is more of a personal preference.
-        // In the future, we can consider adjusting this by experimenting with not applying the hitwindow leniency.
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
     }
 }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Mods/ManiaModDualStages.cs

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods
         public override LocalisableString Description => @"Double the stages, double the fun!";
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModDualStages;
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Conversion;
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
 
         private bool isForCurrentRuleset;
 

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Mods/ManiaModFadeIn.cs

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods
         public override string Acronym => "FI";
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModFadeIn;
         public override LocalisableString Description => @"Keys appear out of nowhere!";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
         public override bool ValidForFreestyleAsRequiredMod => false;
 
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => base.IncompatibleMods.Concat(new[]

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Mods/ManiaModFlashlight.cs

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods
 {
     public partial class ManiaModFlashlight : ModFlashlight<ManiaHitObject>
     {
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => new[] { typeof(ModHidden) };
 
         public override BindableFloat SizeMultiplier { get; } = new BindableFloat(1)

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Mods/ManiaModHardRock.cs

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods
 {
     public class ManiaModHardRock : ModHardRock, IApplicableToHitObject
     {
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
         public override bool Ranked => false;
 
         public const double HIT_WINDOW_DIFFICULTY_MULTIPLIER = 1.4;

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Mods/ManiaModHidden.cs

@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods
         private const float coverage_increase_per_combo = 0.5f;
 
         public override LocalisableString Description => @"Keys fade out before you hit them!";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
 
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => base.IncompatibleMods.Concat(new[]
         {

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Mods/ManiaModHoldOff.cs

@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods
 
         public override string Acronym => "HO";
 
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 0.9;
-
         public override LocalisableString Description => @"Replaces all hold notes with normal notes.";
 
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModHoldOff;

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Mods/ManiaModInvert.cs

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods
         public override string Name => "Invert";
 
         public override string Acronym => "IN";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
 
         public override LocalisableString Description => "Hold the keys. To the beat.";
 

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Mods/ManiaModNightcore.cs

@@ -8,9 +8,5 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods
 {
     public class ManiaModNightcore : ModNightcore<ManiaHitObject>, IManiaRateAdjustmentMod
     {
-        // For now, all rate-increasing mods should be given a 1x multiplier in mania because it doesn't always
-        // make the map any harder and is more of a personal preference.
-        // In the future, we can consider adjusting this by experimenting with not applying the hitwindow leniency.
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
     }
 }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Mods/ManiaModNoRelease.cs

@@ -26,8 +26,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods
 
         public override LocalisableString Description => "No more timing the end of hold notes.";
 
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 0.9;
-
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModNoRelease;
 
         public override ModType Type => ModType.DifficultyReduction;

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Scoring/ManiaScoreMultiplierCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using System;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
+using osu.Game.Scoring;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Scoring
+{
+    public class ManiaScoreMultiplierCalculator : ScoreMultiplierCalculator
+    {
+        public ManiaScoreMultiplierCalculator(ScoreMultiplierContext context)
+            : base(context)
+        {
+            #region Difficulty Reduction
+
+            Single<ManiaModEasy>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<ManiaModNoFail>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<ManiaModHalfTime>(hasMultiplier: halfTime => rateAdjustMultiplier(halfTime.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<ManiaModDaycore>(hasMultiplier: daycore => rateAdjustMultiplier(daycore.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<ManiaModNoRelease>(hasMultiplier: 0.9);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Difficulty Increase
+
+            // Hard Rock
+            // Sudden Death
+            // Perfect
+            // Double Time
+            // Nightcore
+            // Fade In
+            // Hidden
+            // Cover
+            // Flashlight
+            // Accuracy Challenge
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Conversion
+
+            // Random
+            // Dual Stages
+            // Mirror
+            Single<ManiaModDifficultyAdjust>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<ManiaModClassic>(hasMultiplier: _ => classicMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            // Invert
+            Single<ManiaModConstantSpeed>(hasMultiplier: 0.9);
+            Single<ManiaModHoldOff>(hasMultiplier: 0.9);
+            Single<ManiaModKey1>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            Single<ManiaModKey2>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            Single<ManiaModKey3>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            Single<ManiaModKey4>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            Single<ManiaModKey5>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            Single<ManiaModKey6>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            Single<ManiaModKey7>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            Single<ManiaModKey8>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            Single<ManiaModKey9>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            Single<ManiaModKey10>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Automation
+
+            // Autoplay
+            // Cinema
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Fun
+
+            Single<ModWindUp>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<ModWindDown>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            // Muted
+            Single<ModAdaptiveSpeed>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region System
+
+            // Score V2
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+
+        private static double rateAdjustMultiplier(double speedChange)
+        {
+            // Round to the nearest multiple of 0.1.
+            double value = (int)(speedChange * 10) / 10.0;
+
+            // Offset back to 0.
+            value -= 1;
+
+            if (speedChange >= 1)
+                return 1 + value / 5;
+            else
+                return 0.6 + value;
+        }
+
+        private const double old_key_mod_multiplier = 1;
+        private const double new_key_mod_multiplier = 0.9;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// <para>
+        /// The mod multiplier was changed from 1.0x to 0.9x in https://github.com/ppy/osu/pull/30506
+        /// which was included in the https://osu.ppy.sh/home/changelog/tachyon/2025.718.0 release.
+        /// The replay version was not bumped in the change, meaning that the only usable indicator
+        /// of the mod multiplier changing is the client version.
+        /// </para>
+        /// <para>
+        /// Unfortunately not even the client version is available on server-side recorded replays
+        /// recorded prior to https://github.com/ppy/osu-server-spectator/pull/290,
+        /// which does not appear to have been deployed until August 1
+        /// (https://github.com/ppy/osu-server-spectator/releases/tag/2025.801.0).
+        /// </para>
+        /// </summary>
+        private double keyModMultiplier(ScoreInfo? scoreInfo)
+        {
+            if (scoreInfo == null)
+                return new_key_mod_multiplier;
+
+            string clientVersion = scoreInfo.ClientVersion;
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(clientVersion))
+            {
+                string[] pieces = clientVersion.Split('.');
+
+                if (int.TryParse(pieces[0], out int year) && int.TryParse(pieces[1], out int monthDay))
+                {
+                    if (year < 2025 || (year == 2025 && monthDay < 718))
+                        return old_key_mod_multiplier;
+                }
+
+                return new_key_mod_multiplier;
+            }
+
+            // Client version not available, fallback to doing the best we can with the score's timestamp.
+            if (scoreInfo.Date < new DateTimeOffset(2025, 7, 18, 0, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero))
+                return old_key_mod_multiplier;
+
+            return new_key_mod_multiplier;
+        }
+
+        private static double classicMultiplier(ScoreInfo? score)
+        {
+            if (score != null && score.TotalScoreVersion < 30000017)
+                return 0.96;
+
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests/Editor/TestSceneSliderDrawing.cs

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests.Editor
         [Test]
         public void TestTouchInputPlaceHitCircleDirectly()
         {
-            AddStep("tap circle", () => tap(this.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().Single(b => b.Button.Label == "HitCircle")));
+            AddStep("tap circle", () => tap(this.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().Single(b => b.Button.Label == "Hit circle")));
 
             AddStep("tap to place circle", () => tap(this.ChildrenOfType<Playfield>().Single()));
             AddAssert("circle placed correctly", () =>
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests.Editor
         [Test]
         public void TestTouchInputPlaceCircleAfterTouchingComposeArea()
         {
-            AddStep("tap circle", () => tap(this.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().Single(b => b.Button.Label == "HitCircle")));
+            AddStep("tap circle", () => tap(this.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().Single(b => b.Button.Label == "Hit circle")));
 
             AddStep("tap playfield", () => tap(this.ChildrenOfType<Playfield>().Single()));
             AddAssert("circle placed", () => EditorBeatmap.HitObjects.Single(h => h.StartTime == EditorClock.CurrentTimeAccurate) is HitCircle);

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests/Editor/TestSceneSliderVelocityAdjust.cs

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ using osu.Framework.Input;
 using osu.Framework.Testing;
 using osu.Framework.Utils;
 using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Game.Graphics.UserInterface;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.UI;
 using osu.Game.Screens.Edit;
@@ -130,5 +133,74 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests.Editor
             AddAssert("slider has correct velocity", () => slider!.Velocity, () => Is.EqualTo(velocityBefore));
             AddAssert("slider has correct duration", () => slider!.Duration, () => Is.EqualTo(durationBefore));
         }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestVelocityToolbox()
+        {
+            ExpandableSlider<double> velocitySlider = null!;
+            ExpandableButton useLastSliderButton = null!;
+
+            AddStep("enter editor", () => Game.ScreenStack.Push(new EditorLoader()));
+            AddUntilStep("wait for editor load", () => editor?.ReadyForUse == true);
+            AddStep("retrieve controls", () =>
+            {
+                var toolbox = this.ChildrenOfType<OsuSliderVelocityToolboxGroup>().Single();
+                velocitySlider = toolbox.ChildrenOfType<ExpandableSlider<double>>().Single();
+                useLastSliderButton = toolbox.ChildrenOfType<ExpandableButton>().Single();
+            });
+
+            AddAssert("velocity slider at 1x", () => velocitySlider.Current.Value, () => Is.EqualTo(1));
+            AddStep("expand right toolbox", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(this.ChildrenOfType<ExpandingToolboxContainer>().Last()));
+            AddUntilStep("wait for expand", () => useLastSliderButton.Expanded.Value, () => Is.True);
+            AddAssert("use last slider button disabled", () => useLastSliderButton.Enabled.Value, () => Is.False);
+
+            AddStep("seek to 5000", () => editorClock.Seek(5000));
+            AddStep("set 2x velocity", () => velocitySlider.Current.Value = 2);
+            placeSlider();
+            AddAssert("placed slider has 2x velocity", () => editorBeatmap.HitObjects.OfType<Slider>().Last().SliderVelocityMultiplier, () => Is.EqualTo(2));
+            AddStep("expand right toolbox", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(this.ChildrenOfType<ExpandingToolboxContainer>().Last()));
+            AddUntilStep("wait for expand", () => useLastSliderButton.Expanded.Value, () => Is.True);
+            AddAssert("use last slider button enabled", () => useLastSliderButton.Enabled.Value, () => Is.True);
+
+            AddStep("seek to 6000", () => editorClock.Seek(6000));
+            placeSlider();
+            AddAssert("placed slider has 2x velocity", () => editorBeatmap.HitObjects.OfType<Slider>().Last().SliderVelocityMultiplier, () => Is.EqualTo(2));
+            AddStep("expand right toolbox", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(this.ChildrenOfType<ExpandingToolboxContainer>().Last()));
+            AddUntilStep("wait for expand", () => useLastSliderButton.Expanded.Value, () => Is.True);
+            AddAssert("use last slider button enabled", () => useLastSliderButton.Enabled.Value, () => Is.True);
+
+            AddStep("seek to 9000", () => editorClock.Seek(9000));
+            AddStep("set 3x velocity", () => velocitySlider.Current.Value = 3);
+            placeSlider();
+            AddAssert("placed slider has 3x velocity", () => editorBeatmap.HitObjects.OfType<Slider>().Last().SliderVelocityMultiplier, () => Is.EqualTo(3));
+            AddStep("expand right toolbox", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(this.ChildrenOfType<ExpandingToolboxContainer>().Last()));
+            AddUntilStep("wait for expand", () => useLastSliderButton.Expanded.Value, () => Is.True);
+            AddAssert("use last slider button enabled", () => useLastSliderButton.Enabled.Value, () => Is.True);
+
+            AddStep("seek to 10000", () => editorClock.Seek(10000));
+            AddStep("set 1x velocity", () => velocitySlider.Current.Value = 1);
+            AddStep("use last slider velocity instead", () => useLastSliderButton.TriggerClick());
+            placeSlider();
+            AddAssert("placed slider has 3x velocity", () => editorBeatmap.HitObjects.OfType<Slider>().Last().SliderVelocityMultiplier, () => Is.EqualTo(3));
+            AddStep("expand right toolbox", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(this.ChildrenOfType<ExpandingToolboxContainer>().Last()));
+            AddUntilStep("wait for expand", () => useLastSliderButton.Expanded.Value, () => Is.True);
+            AddAssert("use last slider button disabled", () => useLastSliderButton.Enabled.Value, () => Is.False);
+
+            AddStep("seek back to 7000", () => editorClock.Seek(7000));
+            placeSlider();
+            AddAssert("placed slider has 2x velocity", () => editorBeatmap.HitObjects.OfType<Slider>().ElementAt(2).SliderVelocityMultiplier, () => Is.EqualTo(2));
+            AddStep("expand right toolbox", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(this.ChildrenOfType<ExpandingToolboxContainer>().Last()));
+            AddUntilStep("wait for expand", () => useLastSliderButton.Expanded.Value, () => Is.True);
+            AddAssert("use last slider button disabled", () => useLastSliderButton.Enabled.Value, () => Is.False);
+
+            void placeSlider()
+            {
+                AddStep("enter slider placement mode", () => InputManager.Key(Key.Number3));
+                AddStep("move mouse to top left", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(editor.ChildrenOfType<Playfield>().First().ScreenSpaceDrawQuad.TopLeft + new Vector2(50)));
+                AddStep("start placement", () => InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Left));
+                AddStep("move mouse to bottom right", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(editor.ChildrenOfType<Playfield>().First().ScreenSpaceDrawQuad.BottomRight - new Vector2(50)));
+                AddStep("end placement", () => InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Right));
+            }
+        }
     }
 }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests/Mods/TestSceneOsuModDifficultyAdjust.cs

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests.Mods
 {
     public partial class TestSceneOsuModDifficultyAdjust : OsuModTestScene
     {
+        protected override bool AllowFail => true;
+
         [Test]
         public void TestNoAdjustment() => CreateModTest(new ModTestData
         {
@@ -72,6 +74,88 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests.Mods
             PassCondition = () => checkSomeHit() && checkObjectsPreempt(450)
         });
 
+        [Test]
+        public void TestScoreMultiplierCorrectWithNoAdjustment() => CreateModTest(new ModTestData
+        {
+            Mod = new OsuModDifficultyAdjust(),
+            CreateBeatmap = () => new Beatmap
+            {
+                BeatmapInfo = new BeatmapInfo
+                {
+                    Difficulty = new BeatmapDifficulty
+                    {
+                        CircleSize = 8
+                    }
+                },
+                HitObjects = new List<HitObject>
+                {
+                    new HitCircle { StartTime = 1000 },
+                    new HitCircle { StartTime = 2000 }
+                }
+            },
+            Autoplay = true,
+            PassCondition = () => Player.ScoreProcessor.TotalScore.Value == 1_000_000,
+        });
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestScoreMultiplierCorrectWithSingleAdjustment() => CreateModTest(new ModTestData
+        {
+            Mod = new OsuModDifficultyAdjust
+            {
+                ApproachRate = { Value = 7.3f }
+            },
+            CreateBeatmap = () => new Beatmap
+            {
+                BeatmapInfo = new BeatmapInfo
+                {
+                    Difficulty = new BeatmapDifficulty
+                    {
+                        CircleSize = 8,
+                        ApproachRate = 7,
+                        OverallDifficulty = 6,
+                        DrainRate = 5,
+                    }
+                },
+                HitObjects = new List<HitObject>
+                {
+                    new HitCircle { StartTime = 1000 },
+                    new HitCircle { StartTime = 2000 }
+                }
+            },
+            Autoplay = true,
+            PassCondition = () => Player.ScoreProcessor.TotalScore.Value == 850_000,
+        });
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestScoreMultiplierCorrectWithMultipleAdjustments() => CreateModTest(new ModTestData
+        {
+            Mod = new OsuModDifficultyAdjust
+            {
+                ApproachRate = { Value = 6.8f },
+                OverallDifficulty = { Value = 6.6f }
+            },
+            CreateBeatmap = () => new Beatmap
+            {
+                BeatmapInfo = new BeatmapInfo
+                {
+                    Difficulty = new BeatmapDifficulty
+                    {
+                        CircleSize = 8,
+                        ApproachRate = 7,
+                        OverallDifficulty = 6,
+                        DrainRate = 5,
+                    }
+                },
+                HitObjects = new List<HitObject>
+                {
+                    new HitCircle { StartTime = 1000 },
+                    new HitCircle { StartTime = 2000 }
+                }
+            },
+            Autoplay = true,
+            PassCondition = () => Player.ScoreProcessor.TotalScore.Value == 630_000,
+        });
+
         private bool checkObjectsPreempt(double target)
         {
             var objects = Player.ChildrenOfType<DrawableHitCircle>();

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests/OsuScoreMultiplierTest.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using osu.Framework.Utils;
+using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
+using osu.Game.Scoring;
+using osu.Game.Tests.Rulesets;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests
+{
+    public class OsuScoreMultiplierTest : RulesetScoreMultiplierTest
+    {
+        public OsuScoreMultiplierTest()
+            : base(new OsuRuleset())
+        {
+        }
+
+        private static readonly object[][] test_cases =
+        [
+            #region Difficulty Reduction
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModEasy() }, 0.8],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModEasy { Retries = { Value = 1 } } }, 0.8],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModEasy { Retries = { Value = 3 } } }, 0.7],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModEasy { Retries = { Value = 5 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModEasy { Retries = { Value = 8 } } }, 0.4],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNoFail() }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.50 } } }, 0.20],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.55 } } }, 0.27],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.60 } } }, 0.34],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.65 } } }, 0.41],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.70 } } }, 0.48],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.75 } } }, 0.55],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.80 } } }, 0.62],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.85 } } }, 0.69],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.90 } } }, 0.76],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.95 } } }, 0.83],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.99 } } }, 0.83],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.50 } } }, 0.20],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.55 } } }, 0.27],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.60 } } }, 0.34],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.65 } } }, 0.41],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.70 } } }, 0.48],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.75 } } }, 0.55],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.80 } } }, 0.62],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.85 } } }, 0.69],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.90 } } }, 0.76],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.95 } } }, 0.83],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.99 } } }, 0.83],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Difficulty Increase
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHardRock() }, 1.09],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModSuddenDeath() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModPerfect() }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.01 } } }, 1.000],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.05 } } }, 1.000],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.10 } } }, 1.036],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.15 } } }, 1.036],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.20 } } }, 1.082],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.25 } } }, 1.082],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.30 } } }, 1.128],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.35 } } }, 1.128],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.40 } } }, 1.174],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.45 } } }, 1.174],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.50 } } }, 1.230],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.55 } } }, 1.230],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.60 } } }, 1.266],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.65 } } }, 1.266],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.70 } } }, 1.312],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.75 } } }, 1.312],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.80 } } }, 1.358],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.85 } } }, 1.358],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.90 } } }, 1.404],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.95 } } }, 1.404],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 2.00 } } }, 1.450],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.01 } } }, 1.000],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.05 } } }, 1.000],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.10 } } }, 1.036],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.15 } } }, 1.036],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.20 } } }, 1.082],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.25 } } }, 1.082],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.30 } } }, 1.128],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.35 } } }, 1.128],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.40 } } }, 1.174],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.45 } } }, 1.174],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.50 } } }, 1.230],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.55 } } }, 1.230],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.60 } } }, 1.266],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.65 } } }, 1.266],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.70 } } }, 1.312],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.75 } } }, 1.312],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.80 } } }, 1.358],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.85 } } }, 1.358],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.90 } } }, 1.404],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.95 } } }, 1.404],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 2.00 } } }, 1.450],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHidden() }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHidden { OnlyFadeApproachCircles = { Value = true } } }, 1.02],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModTraceable() }, 1.02],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModFlashlight() }, 1.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModFlashlight { SizeMultiplier = { Value = 0.5f } } }, 1.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModFlashlight { SizeMultiplier = { Value = 0.9f } } }, 1.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModFlashlight { SizeMultiplier = { Value = 1.1f } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModFlashlight { SizeMultiplier = { Value = 1.5f } } }, 1.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModFlashlight { SizeMultiplier = { Value = 1.9f } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModFlashlight { SizeMultiplier = { Value = 2f } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModFlashlight { ComboBasedSize = { Value = false } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModFlashlight { SizeMultiplier = { Value = 1.9f }, ComboBasedSize = { Value = false } } }, 1.004],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModBlinds() }, 1.24],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModStrictTracking() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModAccuracyChallenge() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Conversion
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModTargetPractice() }, 0.01],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDifficultyAdjust() }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModClassic() }, 0.985],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModClassic { ClassicNoteLock = { Value = false } } }, 0.96],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModRandom() }, 0.7],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModMirror() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModAlternate() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModSingleTap() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Automation
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModAutoplay() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModCinema() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModRelax() }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModAutopilot() }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModSpunOut() }, 0.95],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Fun
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModTransform() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModWiggle() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModSpinIn() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModGrow() }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDeflate() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDeflate { StartScale = { Value = 5 } } }, 0.94],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindUp() }, 0.8 * 1 + 0.2 * 1.230],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindUp { InitialRate = { Value = 0.7 }, FinalRate = { Value = 1.2 } } }, 0.8 * 0.48 + 0.2 * 1.082],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindUp { InitialRate = { Value = 0.7 }, FinalRate = { Value = 0.9 } } }, 0.8 * 0.48 + 0.2 * 0.76],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindUp { InitialRate = { Value = 1.1 }, FinalRate = { Value = 1.4 } } }, 0.8 * 1.036 + 0.2 * 1.174],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindDown() }, 0.8 * 0.55 + 0.2 * 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindDown { InitialRate = { Value = 1.2 }, FinalRate = { Value = 0.7 } } }, 0.8 * 0.48 + 0.2 * 1.082],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindDown { InitialRate = { Value = 0.9 }, FinalRate = { Value = 0.7 } } }, 0.8 * 0.48 + 0.2 * 0.76],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindDown { InitialRate = { Value = 1.4 }, FinalRate = { Value = 1.1 } } }, 0.8 * 1.036 + 0.2 * 1.174],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModBarrelRoll() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModApproachDifferent() }, 0.7],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModMuted() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNoScope() }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModMagnetised() }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModMagnetised { AttractionStrength = { Value = 0.05f } } }, 0.67],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModMagnetised { AttractionStrength = { Value = 0.2f } } }, 0.58],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModMagnetised { AttractionStrength = { Value = 0.7f } } }, 0.28],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModMagnetised { AttractionStrength = { Value = 1 } } }, 0.1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModRepel() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModAdaptiveSpeed() }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModFreezeFrame() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModBubbles() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModSynesthesia() }, 0.99],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDepth() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModBloom() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region System
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModTouchDevice() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModScoreV2() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Combinations
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHidden(), new OsuModHardRock() }, 1.04 * 1.09],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHidden(), new OsuModWiggle() }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHidden(), new OsuModGrow() }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHidden(), new OsuModDeflate() }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHidden(), new OsuModDeflate { StartScale = { Value = 4 } } }, 1.02 * 0.96],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHidden(), new OsuModRepel() }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHidden { OnlyFadeApproachCircles = { Value = true } }, new OsuModRepel() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHidden(), new OsuModDepth() }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHidden(), new OsuModDepth(), new OsuModHardRock() }, 1.02 * 1.09],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHidden(), new OsuModBlinds() }, 1.24],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHidden(), new OsuModBlinds(), new OsuModHardRock() }, 1.24 * 1.09],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModTraceable(), new OsuModBlinds() }, 1.24],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModTraceable(), new OsuModBlinds(), new OsuModHardRock() }, 1.24 * 1.09],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModFlashlight(), new OsuModFreezeFrame() }, 1.1],
+
+            #endregion
+        ];
+
+        [TestCaseSource(nameof(test_cases))]
+        public void TestMultipliers(Mod[] mods, double expectedMultiplier)
+            => TestModCombination(mods, expectedMultiplier);
+
+        [TestCase(null, null, null, null, 1)]
+        [TestCase(2.9f, null, null, null, 0.95)]
+        [TestCase(3.1f, null, null, null, 0.95)]
+        [TestCase(null, 3.9f, null, null, 0.95)]
+        [TestCase(null, 4.1f, null, null, 0.95)]
+        [TestCase(null, null, 4.9f, null, 0.95)]
+        [TestCase(null, null, 5.1f, null, 0.95)]
+        [TestCase(null, null, null, 5.9f, 0.95)]
+        [TestCase(null, null, null, 6.1f, 0.95)]
+        [TestCase(2.9f, 3.9f, null, null, 0.95 * 0.95)]
+        [TestCase(2.9f, 3.9f, 4.9f, null, 0.95 * 0.95 * 0.95)]
+        [TestCase(2.9f, 3.9f, 4.9f, 5.9f, 0.95 * 0.95 * 0.95 * 0.95)]
+        [TestCase(0.0f, null, null, null, 0.1)]
+        [TestCase(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.1)]
+        public void TestDifficultyAdjust(float? cs, float? ar, float? od, float? hp, double expectedMultiplier)
+        {
+            var difficulty = new BeatmapDifficulty
+            {
+                CircleSize = 3,
+                ApproachRate = 4,
+                OverallDifficulty = 5,
+                DrainRate = 6,
+            };
+            var mod = new OsuModDifficultyAdjust
+            {
+                CircleSize = { Value = cs },
+                ApproachRate = { Value = ar },
+                OverallDifficulty = { Value = od },
+                DrainRate = { Value = hp },
+            };
+
+            var calculator = Ruleset.CreateScoreMultiplierCalculator(new ScoreMultiplierContext(difficulty));
+            Assert.That(calculator.CalculateFor([mod]), Is.EqualTo(expectedMultiplier).Within(Precision.FLOAT_EPSILON));
+        }
+
+        [TestCase(30000001, 0.96)]
+        [TestCase(30000009, 0.96)]
+        [TestCase(30000016, 0.96)]
+        [TestCase(30000017, 0.985)]
+        [TestCase(null, 0.985)]
+        public void TestClassicMultiplierVersioning(int? totalScoreVersion, double expectedMultiplier)
+        {
+            var scoreInfo = totalScoreVersion != null ? new ScoreInfo { TotalScoreVersion = totalScoreVersion.Value } : null;
+            var calculator = Ruleset.CreateScoreMultiplierCalculator(new ScoreMultiplierContext(new BeatmapDifficulty(), scoreInfo));
+            Assert.That(calculator.CalculateFor([new OsuModClassic()]), Is.EqualTo(expectedMultiplier).Within(Precision.DOUBLE_EPSILON));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void VerySmallModMultiplier()
+        {
+            var mods = new Mod[]
+            {
+                new OsuModEasy { Retries = { Value = 10 } },
+                new OsuModNoFail(),
+                new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.5 } },
+                new OsuModTargetPractice(),
+                new OsuModClassic { ClassicNoteLock = { Value = false } },
+                new OsuModDeflate { StartScale = { Value = 25 } },
+                new OsuModMagnetised { AttractionStrength = { Value = 1 } },
+                new OsuModSynesthesia(),
+            };
+            var calculator = Ruleset.CreateScoreMultiplierCalculator(new ScoreMultiplierContext(new BeatmapDifficulty()));
+            Assert.That(calculator.CalculateFor(mods), Is.GreaterThan(0));
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests/TestSceneLegacyHitPolicy.cs

@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests
             {
                 AddStep("export beatmap", () =>
                 {
-                    var beatmapEncoder = new LegacyBeatmapEncoder(playableBeatmap, null);
+                    var beatmapEncoder = new LegacyBeatmapEncoder(playableBeatmap, null, null);
 
                     using (var stream = File.Open(Path.Combine(exportLocation, $"{testCaseName}.osu"), FileMode.Create))
                     {

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Edit/Blueprints/Sliders/SliderPlacementBlueprint.cs

@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit.Blueprints.Sliders
         [Resolved]
         private EditorClock? editorClock { get; set; }
 
+        [Resolved]
+        private OsuSliderVelocityToolboxGroup? sliderVelocityToolbox { get; set; }
+
         private Bindable<bool> limitedDistanceSnap { get; set; } = null!;
 
         private readonly IncrementalBSplineBuilder bSplineBuilder = new IncrementalBSplineBuilder { Degree = 4 };
@@ -111,9 +114,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit.Blueprints.Sliders
             }
         }
 
-        [Resolved]
-        private EditorBeatmap editorBeatmap { get; set; } = null!;
-
         public override SnapResult UpdateTimeAndPosition(Vector2 screenSpacePosition, double fallbackTime)
         {
             var result = composer?.TrySnapToNearbyObjects(screenSpacePosition, fallbackTime);
@@ -129,11 +129,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit.Blueprints.Sliders
                 case SliderPlacementState.Initial:
                     BeginPlacement();
 
-                    double? nearestSliderVelocity = (editorBeatmap
+                    HitObject.SliderVelocityMultiplier = sliderVelocityToolbox?.SliderVelocity.Value ?? 1;
-                                                     .HitObjects
-                                                     .LastOrDefault(h => h is Slider && h.GetEndTime() < HitObject.StartTime) as Slider)?.SliderVelocityMultiplier;
-
-                    HitObject.SliderVelocityMultiplier = nearestSliderVelocity ?? 1;
                     HitObject.Position = ToLocalSpace(result.ScreenSpacePosition);
 
                     // Replacing the DifficultyControlPoint above doesn't trigger any kind of invalidation.

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Edit/FreehandSliderToolboxGroup.cs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit
     public partial class FreehandSliderToolboxGroup : EditorToolboxGroup
     {
         public FreehandSliderToolboxGroup()
-            : base("slider")
+            : base("freehand")
         {
         }
 

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Edit/HitCircleCompositionTool.cs

@@ -7,14 +7,13 @@ using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Tools;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit.Blueprints.HitCircles;
-using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Objects;
 
 namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit
 {
     public class HitCircleCompositionTool : CompositionTool
     {
         public HitCircleCompositionTool()
-            : base(nameof(HitCircle))
+            : base("Hit circle")
         {
         }
 

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Edit/OsuHitObjectComposer.cs

@@ -75,6 +75,9 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit
         [Cached(typeof(IDistanceSnapProvider))]
         public readonly OsuDistanceSnapProvider DistanceSnapProvider = new OsuDistanceSnapProvider();
 
+        [Cached]
+        private readonly OsuSliderVelocityToolboxGroup sliderVelocityToolboxGroup = new OsuSliderVelocityToolboxGroup();
+
         [Cached]
         protected readonly OsuGridToolboxGroup OsuGridToolboxGroup = new OsuGridToolboxGroup();
 
@@ -111,6 +114,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit
 
             RightToolbox.AddRange(new Drawable[]
                 {
+                    sliderVelocityToolboxGroup,
                     OsuGridToolboxGroup,
                     new TransformToolboxGroup
                     {

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Edit/OsuSliderVelocityToolboxGroup.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using System.Linq;
+using osu.Framework.Allocation;
+using osu.Framework.Bindables;
+using osu.Framework.Caching;
+using osu.Framework.Extensions.LocalisationExtensions;
+using osu.Framework.Extensions.ObjectExtensions;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics;
+using osu.Framework.Localisation;
+using osu.Game.Graphics.UserInterface;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Objects;
+using osu.Game.Screens.Edit;
+using osuTK;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit
+{
+    public partial class OsuSliderVelocityToolboxGroup : EditorToolboxGroup
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Whether the last slider's velocity should be used (if available).
+        /// </summary>
+        private bool useLastSliderVelocity;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The slider velocity to be used for new object placements.
+        /// </summary>
+        public IBindable<double> SliderVelocity => sliderVelocity;
+
+        private readonly BindableDouble sliderVelocity = new BindableDouble(1)
+        {
+            Precision = 0.01,
+            MinValue = 0.1,
+            MaxValue = 10,
+        };
+
+        private ExpandableSlider<double> slider = null!;
+        private ExpandableButton useLastSliderButton = null!;
+
+        [Resolved]
+        private EditorBeatmap editorBeatmap { get; set; } = null!;
+
+        [Resolved]
+        private EditorClock editorClock { get; set; } = null!;
+
+        private bool syncingBindables;
+        private double lastClockPosition = double.NegativeInfinity;
+        private readonly Cached<Slider?> sliderVelocitySourceObject = new Cached<Slider?>();
+
+        public OsuSliderVelocityToolboxGroup()
+            : base("velocity")
+        {
+        }
+
+        [BackgroundDependencyLoader]
+        private void load()
+        {
+            Spacing = new Vector2(5);
+            Children = new Drawable[]
+            {
+                slider = new ExpandableSlider<double>
+                {
+                    ExpandedLabelText = "Slider velocity",
+                    Current = new BindableDouble(1)
+                    {
+                        Precision = 0.01,
+                        MinValue = 0.1,
+                        MaxValue = 10,
+                    },
+                    KeyboardStep = 0.1f,
+                },
+                useLastSliderButton = new ExpandableButton
+                {
+                    RelativeSizeAxes = Axes.X,
+                    Action = () =>
+                    {
+                        useLastSliderVelocity = true;
+                        sliderVelocitySourceObject.Invalidate();
+                    },
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        protected override void LoadComplete()
+        {
+            base.LoadComplete();
+
+            // set unconditionally to true initially.
+            // if there is no object available to get the slider velocity from, the code in `Update()` will handle that.
+            useLastSliderVelocity = true;
+
+            sliderVelocity.BindValueChanged(_ => updateSliderFromVelocity(), true);
+            slider.Current.BindValueChanged(_ =>
+            {
+                updateVelocityFromSlider();
+                updateContractedText();
+            });
+            updateContractedText();
+            useLastSliderButton.Expanded.BindValueChanged(_ => sliderVelocitySourceObject.Invalidate());
+
+            editorBeatmap.HitObjectAdded += invalidateSliderVelocitySourceObject;
+            editorBeatmap.HitObjectUpdated += invalidateSliderVelocitySourceObject;
+            editorBeatmap.HitObjectRemoved += invalidateSliderVelocitySourceObject;
+        }
+
+        private void updateContractedText()
+        {
+            slider.ContractedLabelText = LocalisableString.Interpolate($@"SV: {slider.Current.Value.ToLocalisableString("N2")}x");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates the displayed value of this toolbox's slider from a change to <see cref="SliderVelocity"/>
+        /// (which is the source-of-truth used for new object placements).
+        /// This is only relevant when <see cref="useLastSliderVelocity"/> is true,
+        /// in which case this code is responsible for propagating the velocity from <see cref="sliderVelocitySourceObject"/> to the slider.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void updateSliderFromVelocity()
+        {
+            if (syncingBindables)
+                return;
+
+            if (!useLastSliderVelocity)
+                return;
+
+            syncingBindables = true;
+            slider.Current.Value = sliderVelocity.Value;
+            syncingBindables = false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates the value of <see cref="SliderVelocity"/> from a change to the slider's state.
+        /// This change is assumed to be user-provoked, and therefore <see cref="useLastSliderVelocity"/> is switched unconditionally off
+        /// as the presumed intent is to override the velocity from <see cref="sliderVelocitySourceObject"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void updateVelocityFromSlider()
+        {
+            if (syncingBindables)
+                return;
+
+            syncingBindables = true;
+            useLastSliderVelocity = false;
+            sliderVelocity.Value = slider.Current.Value;
+            syncingBindables = false;
+            sliderVelocitySourceObject.Invalidate();
+        }
+
+        private void invalidateSliderVelocitySourceObject(HitObject _) => sliderVelocitySourceObject.Invalidate();
+
+        protected override void Update()
+        {
+            base.Update();
+
+            if (editorClock.CurrentTime != lastClockPosition)
+            {
+                sliderVelocitySourceObject.Invalidate();
+                lastClockPosition = editorClock.CurrentTime;
+            }
+
+            // Three possible causes of invalidation:
+            // - The user seeked the clock, which means a different velocity source object needs to be used.
+            // - Some change to the beatmap was made, which means the previously-used velocity source object may no longer be the most relevant one.
+            // - The user is interacting with the toolbox in a way that requires a visual state update
+            //   (hovered to expand it, clicked the button to use last slider's velocity, or dragged the manual velocity slider).
+            //   This is a procedural one, because `sliderVelocitySourceObject` will have been pointing at the correct object already,
+            //   but to decrease unnecessary work being done every frame, the invalidation is explicitly re-triggered to update the toolbox state.
+            if (!sliderVelocitySourceObject.IsValid)
+            {
+                var lastSlider = getLastSlider();
+                sliderVelocitySourceObject.Value = lastSlider;
+
+                if (lastSlider == null)
+                {
+                    useLastSliderButton.Enabled.Value = false;
+                    useLastSliderButton.ExpandedLabelText = "No sliders to get velocity from";
+                    useLastSliderButton.ContractedLabelText = default;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    useLastSliderButton.Enabled.Value = useLastSliderButton.Expanded.Value && !useLastSliderVelocity;
+                    useLastSliderButton.ExpandedLabelText = useLastSliderVelocity
+                        ? "Using last slider's velocity"
+                        : LocalisableString.Interpolate($@"Use last slider's velocity ({lastSlider.SliderVelocityMultiplier.ToLocalisableString("N2")}x)");
+                    useLastSliderButton.ContractedLabelText = $@"current {lastSlider.SliderVelocityMultiplier.ToLocalisableString("N2")}x";
+                    if (useLastSliderVelocity)
+                        sliderVelocity.Value = lastSlider.SliderVelocityMultiplier;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Slider? getLastSlider()
+        {
+            return editorBeatmap
+                   .HitObjects
+                   .OfType<Slider>()
+                   .LastOrDefault(h => h.StartTime <= editorClock.CurrentTime);
+        }
+
+        protected override void Dispose(bool isDisposing)
+        {
+            if (editorBeatmap.IsNotNull())
+            {
+                editorBeatmap.HitObjectAdded -= invalidateSliderVelocitySourceObject;
+                editorBeatmap.HitObjectUpdated -= invalidateSliderVelocitySourceObject;
+                editorBeatmap.HitObjectRemoved -= invalidateSliderVelocitySourceObject;
+            }
+
+            base.Dispose(isDisposing);
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/InputBlockingMod.cs

@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
 {
     public abstract partial class InputBlockingMod : Mod, IApplicableToDrawableRuleset<OsuHitObject>, IUpdatableByPlayfield
     {
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1.0;
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => new[] { typeof(ModAutoplay), typeof(ModRelax), typeof(OsuModCinema) };
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Conversion;
 

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModApproachDifferent.cs

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
         public override string Name => "Approach Different";
         public override string Acronym => "AD";
         public override LocalisableString Description => "Never trust the approach circles...";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModApproachDifferent;
 
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => new[] { typeof(IHidesApproachCircles), typeof(OsuModFreezeFrame) };

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModAutopilot.cs

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModAutopilot;
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Automation;
         public override LocalisableString Description => @"Automatic cursor movement - just follow the rhythm.";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 0.1;
 
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => new[]
         {

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModBlinds.cs

@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModBlinds;
         public override ModType Type => ModType.DifficultyIncrease;
 
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.12 : 1;
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => new[] { typeof(OsuModFlashlight) };
         public override bool Ranked => true;
 

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModBloom.cs

@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModBloom;
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Fun;
         public override LocalisableString Description => "The cursor blooms into.. a larger cursor!";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
         protected const float MIN_SIZE = 1;
         protected const float TRANSITION_DURATION = 100;
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => new[] { typeof(OsuModFlashlight), typeof(OsuModNoScope), typeof(ModTouchDevice) };

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModBubbles.cs

@@ -34,8 +34,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
 
         public override LocalisableString Description => "Don't let their popping distract you!";
 
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
-
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModBubbles;
 
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Fun;

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModDepth.cs

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModDepth;
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Fun;
         public override LocalisableString Description => "3D. Almost.";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => base.IncompatibleMods.Concat(new[] { typeof(OsuModMagnetised), typeof(OsuModRepel), typeof(OsuModFreezeFrame), typeof(ModWithVisibilityAdjustment) }).ToArray();
 
         private static readonly Vector3 camera_position = new Vector3(OsuPlayfield.BASE_SIZE.X * 0.5f, OsuPlayfield.BASE_SIZE.Y * 0.5f, -200);

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModFlashlight.cs

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
 {
     public partial class OsuModFlashlight : ModFlashlight<OsuHitObject>, IApplicableToDrawableHitObject
     {
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.12 : 1;
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => base.IncompatibleMods.Concat(new[] { typeof(OsuModBloom), typeof(OsuModBlinds) }).ToArray();
 
         private const double default_follow_delay = 120;

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModFreezeFrame.cs

@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
 
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModFreezeFrame;
 
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
-
         public override LocalisableString Description => "Burn the notes into your memory.";
 
         /// <remarks>

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModHardRock.cs

@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
 {
     public class OsuModHardRock : ModHardRock, IApplicableToHitObject
     {
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.06 : 1;
-
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => base.IncompatibleMods.Append(typeof(ModMirror)).ToArray();
 
         public void ApplyToHitObject(HitObject hitObject)

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModHidden.cs

@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
         public Bindable<bool> OnlyFadeApproachCircles { get; } = new BindableBool();
 
         public override LocalisableString Description => @"Play with no approach circles and fading circles/sliders.";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.06 : 1;
 
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => new[] { typeof(IRequiresApproachCircles), typeof(OsuModSpinIn), typeof(OsuModDepth), typeof(OsuModFreezeFrame) };
 

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModMagnetised.cs

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModMagnetised;
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Fun;
         public override LocalisableString Description => "No need to chase the circles – your cursor is a magnet!";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 0.5;
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => new[] { typeof(OsuModAutopilot), typeof(OsuModWiggle), typeof(OsuModTransform), typeof(ModAutoplay), typeof(OsuModRelax), typeof(OsuModRepel), typeof(OsuModBubbles), typeof(OsuModDepth) };
 
         [SettingSource("Attraction strength", "How strong the pull is.", 0)]

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModObjectScaleTween.cs

@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
     {
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Fun;
 
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
-
         [SettingSource("Starting Size", "The initial size multiplier applied to all objects.")]
         public abstract BindableNumber<float> StartScale { get; }
 

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModRepel.cs

@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModRepel;
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Fun;
         public override LocalisableString Description => "Hit objects run away!";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => new[] { typeof(OsuModAutopilot), typeof(OsuModWiggle), typeof(OsuModTransform), typeof(ModAutoplay), typeof(OsuModMagnetised), typeof(OsuModBubbles), typeof(OsuModDepth) };
 
         [SettingSource("Repulsion strength", "How strong the repulsion is.", 0)]

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModSpinIn.cs

@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModSpinIn;
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Fun;
         public override LocalisableString Description => "Circles spin in. No approach circles.";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
 
         // todo: this mod needs to be incompatible with "hidden" due to forcing the circle to remain opaque,
         // further implementation will be required for supporting that.

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModSpunOut.cs

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModSpunOut;
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Automation;
         public override LocalisableString Description => @"Spinners will be automatically completed.";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 0.9;
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => new[] { typeof(ModAutoplay), typeof(OsuModAutopilot), typeof(OsuModTargetPractice) };
         public override bool Ranked => UsesDefaultConfiguration;
 

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModStrictTracking.cs

@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModStrictTracking;
         public override ModType Type => ModType.DifficultyIncrease;
         public override LocalisableString Description => @"Once you start a slider, follow precisely or get a miss.";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1.0;
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => new[] { typeof(ModClassic), typeof(OsuModTargetPractice) };
 
         public void ApplyToDrawableHitObject(DrawableHitObject drawable)

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModTargetPractice.cs

@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Conversion;
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModTargetPractice;
         public override LocalisableString Description => @"Practice keeping up with the beat of the song.";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 0.1;
 
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => base.IncompatibleMods.Concat(new[]
         {

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModTraceable.cs

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModTraceable;
         public override ModType Type => ModType.DifficultyIncrease;
         public override LocalisableString Description => "Put your faith in the approach circles...";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
         public override bool Ranked => true;
 
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => new[] { typeof(IHidesApproachCircles), typeof(OsuModDepth) };

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModTransform.cs

@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModTransform;
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Fun;
         public override LocalisableString Description => "Everything rotates. EVERYTHING.";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => base.IncompatibleMods.Concat(new[] { typeof(OsuModWiggle), typeof(OsuModMagnetised), typeof(OsuModRepel), typeof(OsuModFreezeFrame), typeof(OsuModDepth) }).ToArray();
 
         private float theta;

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModWiggle.cs

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModWiggle;
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Fun;
         public override LocalisableString Description => "They just won't stay still...";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => new[] { typeof(OsuModTransform), typeof(OsuModMagnetised), typeof(OsuModRepel), typeof(OsuModDepth) };
 
         private const int wiggle_duration = 100; // (ms) Higher = fewer wiggles

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/OsuRuleset.cs

@@ -234,6 +234,14 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu
             }
         }
 
+        public override ScoreMultiplierCalculator CreateScoreMultiplierCalculator(ScoreMultiplierContext context)
+        {
+            if (context.Score != null && context.Score.TotalScoreVersion < 30000017)
+                return new OsuScoreMultiplierCalculatorV1(context);
+
+            return new OsuScoreMultiplierCalculatorV2(context);
+        }
+
         public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new SpriteIcon { Icon = OsuIcon.RulesetOsu };
 
         public override DifficultyCalculator CreateDifficultyCalculator(IWorkingBeatmap beatmap) => new OsuDifficultyCalculator(RulesetInfo, beatmap);

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Scoring/OsuScoreMultiplierCalculatorV1.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Scoring
+{
+    public class OsuScoreMultiplierCalculatorV1 : ScoreMultiplierCalculator
+    {
+        public OsuScoreMultiplierCalculatorV1(ScoreMultiplierContext context)
+            : base(context)
+        {
+            #region Difficulty Reduction
+
+            Single<OsuModEasy>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<OsuModNoFail>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<OsuModHalfTime>(hasMultiplier: halfTime => rateAdjustMultiplier(halfTime.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<OsuModDaycore>(hasMultiplier: daycore => rateAdjustMultiplier(daycore.SpeedChange.Value));
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Difficulty Increase
+
+            Single<OsuModHardRock>(hasMultiplier: hardRock => hardRock.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.06 : 1);
+            // Sudden Death
+            // Perfect
+            Single<OsuModDoubleTime>(hasMultiplier: doubleTime => rateAdjustMultiplier(doubleTime.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<OsuModNightcore>(hasMultiplier: nightcore => rateAdjustMultiplier(nightcore.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<OsuModHidden>(hasMultiplier: hidden => hidden.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.06 : 1);
+            // Traceable
+            Single<OsuModFlashlight>(hasMultiplier: flashlight => flashlight.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.12 : 1);
+            Single<OsuModBlinds>(hasMultiplier: blinds => blinds.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.12 : 1);
+            // Strict Tracking
+            // Accuracy Challenge
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Conversion
+
+            Single<OsuModTargetPractice>(hasMultiplier: 0.1);
+            Single<OsuModDifficultyAdjust>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<OsuModClassic>(hasMultiplier: 0.96);
+            // Random
+            // Mirror
+            // Alternate
+            // Single Tap
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Automation
+
+            // Autoplay
+            // Cinema
+            Single<OsuModRelax>(hasMultiplier: 0.1);
+            Single<OsuModAutopilot>(hasMultiplier: 0.1);
+            Single<OsuModSpunOut>(hasMultiplier: 0.9);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Fun
+
+            // Transform
+            // Wiggle
+            // Spin In
+            // Grow
+            // Deflate
+            Single<ModWindUp>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<ModWindDown>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            // Barrel Roll
+            // Approach Different
+            // Muted
+            // No Scope
+            Single<OsuModMagnetised>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            // Repel
+            Single<ModAdaptiveSpeed>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            // Freeze Frame
+            // Bubbles
+            Single<OsuModSynesthesia>(hasMultiplier: 0.8);
+            // Depth
+            // Bloom
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+
+        private static double rateAdjustMultiplier(double speedChange)
+        {
+            // Round to the nearest multiple of 0.1.
+            double value = (int)(speedChange * 10) / 10.0;
+
+            // Offset back to 0.
+            value -= 1;
+
+            if (speedChange >= 1)
+                return 1 + value / 5;
+            else
+                return 0.6 + value;
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Scoring/OsuScoreMultiplierCalculatorV2.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using System;
+using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Scoring
+{
+    public class OsuScoreMultiplierCalculatorV2 : ScoreMultiplierCalculator
+    {
+        public OsuScoreMultiplierCalculatorV2(ScoreMultiplierContext context)
+            : base(context)
+        {
+            #region Difficulty Reduction
+
+            Single<OsuModEasy>(hasMultiplier: easyMultiplier);
+            Single<OsuModNoFail>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<OsuModHalfTime>(hasMultiplier: halfTime => halfTimeMultiplier(halfTime.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<OsuModDaycore>(hasMultiplier: daycore => halfTimeMultiplier(daycore.SpeedChange.Value));
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Difficulty Increase
+
+            Single<OsuModHardRock>(hasMultiplier: 1.09);
+            // Sudden Death (1.0x)
+            // Perfect (1.0x)
+            Single<OsuModDoubleTime>(hasMultiplier: doubleTime => doubleTimeMultiplier(doubleTime.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<OsuModNightcore>(hasMultiplier: nightcore => doubleTimeMultiplier(nightcore.SpeedChange.Value));
+
+            const double blinds_multiplier = 1.24;
+
+            Combination<OsuModHidden, OsuModBlinds>(hasMultiplier: (_, _) => blinds_multiplier);
+
+            Combination<OsuModHidden, OsuModWiggle>(hasMultiplier: (hidden, _) => hiddenMultiplier(hidden, otherModsProvideTimingInfo: true));
+            Combination<OsuModHidden, OsuModGrow>(hasMultiplier: (hidden, _) => hiddenMultiplier(hidden, otherModsProvideTimingInfo: true));
+            Combination<OsuModHidden, OsuModDeflate>(hasMultiplier: (hidden, deflate) => hiddenMultiplier(hidden, otherModsProvideTimingInfo: true) * deflateMultiplier(deflate));
+            Combination<OsuModHidden, OsuModRepel>(hasMultiplier: (hidden, _) => hiddenMultiplier(hidden, otherModsProvideTimingInfo: true));
+            Combination<OsuModHidden, OsuModDepth>(hasMultiplier: (hidden, _) => hiddenMultiplier(hidden, otherModsProvideTimingInfo: true));
+
+            Single<OsuModHidden>(hasMultiplier: hidden => hiddenMultiplier(hidden, otherModsProvideTimingInfo: false));
+
+            Combination<OsuModTraceable, OsuModBlinds>(hasMultiplier: (_, _) => blinds_multiplier);
+            Single<OsuModTraceable>(hasMultiplier: 1.02);
+
+            Combination<OsuModFlashlight, OsuModFreezeFrame>(hasMultiplier: (flashlight, _) => 1 + (flashlightMultiplier(flashlight) - 1) / 2);
+            Single<OsuModFlashlight>(hasMultiplier: flashlightMultiplier);
+
+            Single<OsuModBlinds>(hasMultiplier: blinds_multiplier);
+            // Strict Tracking (1.0x)
+            // Accuracy Challenge (1.0x)
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Conversion
+
+            Single<OsuModTargetPractice>(hasMultiplier: 0.01);
+            Single<OsuModDifficultyAdjust>(hasMultiplier: difficultyAdjust => difficultyAdjustMultiplier(difficultyAdjust, Context.BeatmapDifficultyWithoutMods));
+            Single<OsuModClassic>(hasMultiplier: classic => classic.ClassicNoteLock.Value ? 0.985 : 0.96);
+            Single<OsuModRandom>(hasMultiplier: 0.7);
+            // Mirror (1.0x)
+            // Alternate (1.0x)
+            // Single Tap (1.0x)
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Automation
+
+            // Autoplay (1.0x)
+            // Cinema (1.0x)
+            Single<OsuModRelax>(hasMultiplier: 0.1);
+            Single<OsuModAutopilot>(hasMultiplier: 0.1);
+            Single<OsuModSpunOut>(hasMultiplier: 0.95);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Fun
+
+            // Transform (1.0x)
+            // Wiggle (1.0x)
+            // Spin In (1.0x)
+            // Grow (1.0x)
+            Single<OsuModDeflate>(hasMultiplier: deflateMultiplier);
+            Single<ModWindUp>(hasMultiplier: timeRampMultiplier);
+            Single<ModWindDown>(hasMultiplier: timeRampMultiplier);
+            // Barrel Roll (1.0x)
+            Single<OsuModApproachDifferent>(hasMultiplier: 0.7);
+            // Muted (1.0x)
+            // No Scope (1.0x)
+            Single<OsuModMagnetised>(hasMultiplier: magnetised => 0.7 - magnetised.AttractionStrength.Value * 0.6);
+            // Repel (1.0x)
+            Single<ModAdaptiveSpeed>(hasMultiplier: 0.1);
+            // Freeze Frame (1.0x)
+            // Bubbles (1.0x)
+            Single<OsuModSynesthesia>(hasMultiplier: 0.99);
+            // Depth (1.0x)
+            // Bloom (1.0x)
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region System
+
+            // Touch Device (1.0x)
+            // Score V2 (1.0x)
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+
+        private static double easyMultiplier(OsuModEasy easy)
+        {
+            // 0.8x base multiplier
+            // Reduce by 0.1x per extra life
+            double value = 0.8 - Math.Max(0, 0.1 * (easy.Retries.Value - easy.Retries.Default));
+
+            return Math.Max(0.4, value);
+        }
+
+        private static double halfTimeMultiplier(double speedChange)
+        {
+            // 0.2x at 0.5x speed, +0.07x per 0.05x speed increment.
+            // Default HT (0.75x) = 0.55
+            return (int)(speedChange * 20) / 20.0 * 1.4 - 0.5;
+        }
+
+        private static double doubleTimeMultiplier(double speedChange)
+        {
+            // Floor to the nearest multiple of 0.1.
+            double value = (int)(speedChange * 10) / 10.0;
+
+            // 0.01 penalty for non-default rates.
+            double penalty = value != 1.5 && value != 1.0 ? 0.01 : 0.0;
+
+            // Linear from 1.0 to 1.46, minus the penalty.
+            // Default DT (1.5x) = 1.23
+            return (value - 1) * 0.46 + 1 - penalty;
+        }
+
+        private static double hiddenMultiplier(OsuModHidden hidden, bool otherModsProvideTimingInfo)
+        {
+            double value = 1.04;
+
+            if (hidden.OnlyFadeApproachCircles.Value)
+                value -= 0.02;
+
+            if (otherModsProvideTimingInfo)
+                value -= 0.02;
+
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        private static double flashlightMultiplier(OsuModFlashlight flashlight)
+        {
+            // Multiplier of 1.2x, reduced by 0.02 per 0.1 increase in flashlight size.
+            double value = Math.Max(1.02, Math.Min(1.2, 1.2 - 0.2 * (flashlight.SizeMultiplier.Value - 1)));
+
+            if (!flashlight.ComboBasedSize.Value)
+                value = 1 + (value - 1) / 5;
+
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        private static double difficultyAdjustMultiplier(OsuModDifficultyAdjust difficultyAdjust, IBeatmapDifficultyInfo beatmapDifficulty)
+        {
+            double selectedCircleSize = difficultyAdjust.CircleSize.Value ?? beatmapDifficulty.CircleSize;
+            double selectedDrainRate = difficultyAdjust.DrainRate.Value ?? beatmapDifficulty.DrainRate;
+            double selectedOverallDifficulty = difficultyAdjust.OverallDifficulty.Value ?? beatmapDifficulty.OverallDifficulty;
+            double selectedApproachRate = difficultyAdjust.ApproachRate.Value ?? beatmapDifficulty.ApproachRate;
+
+            double csDifference = Math.Abs(selectedCircleSize - beatmapDifficulty.CircleSize);
+            double hpDifference = Math.Abs(selectedDrainRate - beatmapDifficulty.DrainRate);
+            double odDifference = Math.Abs(selectedOverallDifficulty - beatmapDifficulty.OverallDifficulty);
+            double arDifference = Math.Abs(selectedApproachRate - beatmapDifficulty.ApproachRate);
+
+            // Per parameter, reduce multiplier by 0.05x per 0.1 change.
+            double csMultiplier = Math.Max(0.1, 1.0 - csDifference * 0.5);
+            double hpMultiplier = Math.Max(0.1, 1.0 - hpDifference * 0.5);
+            double odMultiplier = Math.Max(0.1, 1.0 - odDifference * 0.5);
+            double arMultiplier = Math.Max(0.1, 1.0 - arDifference * 0.5);
+
+            return Math.Max(0.1, csMultiplier * hpMultiplier * odMultiplier * arMultiplier);
+        }
+
+        private static double timeRampMultiplier(ModTimeRamp timeRamp)
+        {
+            double minSpeed = Math.Min(timeRamp.InitialRate.Value, timeRamp.FinalRate.Value);
+            double maxSpeed = Math.Max(timeRamp.InitialRate.Value, timeRamp.FinalRate.Value);
+
+            double minMultiplier = minSpeed < 1 ? halfTimeMultiplier(minSpeed) : doubleTimeMultiplier(minSpeed);
+            double maxMultiplier = maxSpeed < 1 ? halfTimeMultiplier(maxSpeed) : doubleTimeMultiplier(maxSpeed);
+
+            return 0.8 * minMultiplier + 0.2 * maxMultiplier;
+        }
+
+        private static double deflateMultiplier(OsuModDeflate deflate)
+            => 1.0 - Math.Max(0, 0.02 * (deflate.StartScale.Value - deflate.StartScale.Default));
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Tests/TaikoScoreMultiplierTest.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using osu.Framework.Utils;
+using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Scoring;
+using osu.Game.Tests.Rulesets;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Tests
+{
+    public class TaikoScoreMultiplierTest : RulesetScoreMultiplierTest
+    {
+        public TaikoScoreMultiplierTest()
+            : base(new TaikoRuleset())
+        {
+        }
+
+        private static readonly object[][] test_cases =
+        [
+            #region Difficulty Reduction
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModEasy() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNoFail() }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.50 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.55 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.60 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.65 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.70 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.75 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.80 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.85 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.90 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.95 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.99 } } }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.50 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.55 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.60 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.65 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.70 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.75 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.80 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.85 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.90 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.95 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.99 } } }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModSimplifiedRhythm() }, 0.6],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Difficulty Increase
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHardRock() }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModSuddenDeath() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModPerfect() }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.01 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.05 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.10 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.15 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.20 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.25 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.30 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.35 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.40 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.45 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.50 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.55 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.60 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.65 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.70 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.75 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.80 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.85 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.90 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.95 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 2.00 } } }, 1.20],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.01 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.05 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.10 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.15 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.20 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.25 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.30 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.35 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.40 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.45 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.50 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.55 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.60 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.65 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.70 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.75 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.80 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.85 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.90 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.95 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 2.00 } } }, 1.20],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHidden() }, 1.06],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModFlashlight() }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModFlashlight { ComboBasedSize = { Value = false } } }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ModAccuracyChallenge() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Conversion
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModRandom() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDifficultyAdjust() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModClassic() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModSwap() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModSingleTap() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModConstantSpeed() }, 0.9],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Automation
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModAutoplay() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModCinema() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModRelax() }, 0.1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Fun
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindUp() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindDown() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModMuted() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModAdaptiveSpeed() }, 0.5],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region System
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ModScoreV2() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Combinations
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHidden(), new TaikoModHardRock() }, 1.06 * 1.06]
+
+            #endregion
+        ];
+
+        [TestCaseSource(nameof(test_cases))]
+        public void TestMultipliers(Mod[] mods, double expectedMultiplier)
+            => TestModCombination(mods, expectedMultiplier);
+
+        [TestCase(30000001, 0.96)]
+        [TestCase(30000009, 0.96)]
+        [TestCase(30000016, 0.96)]
+        [TestCase(30000017, 1)]
+        [TestCase(null, 1)]
+        public void TestClassicMultiplierVersioning(int? totalScoreVersion, double expectedMultiplier)
+        {
+            var scoreInfo = totalScoreVersion != null ? new ScoreInfo { TotalScoreVersion = totalScoreVersion.Value } : null;
+            var calculator = Ruleset.CreateScoreMultiplierCalculator(new ScoreMultiplierContext(new BeatmapDifficulty(), scoreInfo));
+            Assert.That(calculator.CalculateFor([new TaikoModClassic()]), Is.EqualTo(expectedMultiplier).Within(Precision.DOUBLE_EPSILON));
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Tests/TestSceneTaikoPlayerScroller.cs

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Tests
                 currentStoryboard = new Storyboard();
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
-                    currentStoryboard.GetLayer("Foreground").Add(new StoryboardSprite($"test{i}", Anchor.Centre, Vector2.Zero));
+                    currentStoryboard.GetLayer("Foreground").Add(new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, $"test{i}", Anchor.Centre, Vector2.Zero));
             });
 
             CreateTest();
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Tests
                 currentStoryboard = new Storyboard();
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
-                    currentStoryboard.GetLayer("Overlay").Add(new StoryboardSprite($"test{i}", Anchor.Centre, Vector2.Zero));
+                    currentStoryboard.GetLayer("Overlay").Add(new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, $"test{i}", Anchor.Centre, Vector2.Zero));
             });
 
             CreateTest();

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Edit/DrumRollCompositionTool.cs

@@ -2,22 +2,22 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
-using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Tools;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Edit.Blueprints;
-using osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Objects;
 
 namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Edit
 {
     public class DrumRollCompositionTool : CompositionTool
     {
         public DrumRollCompositionTool()
-            : base(nameof(DrumRoll))
+            : base("Drum roll")
         {
         }
 
-        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new BeatmapStatisticIcon(BeatmapStatisticsIconType.Sliders);
+        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new SpriteIcon { Icon = OsuIcon.EditorDrumRoll };
 
         public override HitObjectPlacementBlueprint CreatePlacementBlueprint() => new DrumRollPlacementBlueprint();
     }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Edit/HitCompositionTool.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
-using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Tools;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Edit.Blueprints;
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Edit
         {
         }
 
-        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new BeatmapStatisticIcon(BeatmapStatisticsIconType.Circles);
+        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new SpriteIcon { Icon = OsuIcon.EditorHit };
 
         public override HitObjectPlacementBlueprint CreatePlacementBlueprint() => new HitPlacementBlueprint();
     }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Edit/SwellCompositionTool.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
-using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Tools;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Edit.Blueprints;
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Edit
         {
         }
 
-        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new BeatmapStatisticIcon(BeatmapStatisticsIconType.Spinners);
+        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new SpriteIcon { Icon = OsuIcon.EditorSwell };
 
         public override HitObjectPlacementBlueprint CreatePlacementBlueprint() => new SwellPlacementBlueprint();
     }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Edit/TaikoBlueprintContainer.cs

@@ -3,10 +3,15 @@
 
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Containers;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
 using osu.Framework.Input.Events;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Edit.Blueprints;
+using osu.Game.Screens.Edit.Components.TernaryButtons;
 using osu.Game.Screens.Edit.Compose.Components;
 using osuTK;
 
@@ -21,6 +26,29 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Edit
         {
         }
 
+        protected override Drawable CreateNewComboButton() => new NewComboTernaryButton
+        {
+            Current = NewCombo,
+            CreateIcon = () => new Container
+            {
+                Children = new Drawable[]
+                {
+                    new SpriteIcon
+                    {
+                        Anchor = Anchor.BottomLeft,
+                        Origin = Anchor.BottomLeft,
+                        Icon = OsuIcon.EditorHit,
+                        Size = new Vector2(15),
+                    },
+                    new SpriteIcon
+                    {
+                        Icon = OsuIcon.EditorNewComboSparkles,
+                        Size = new Vector2(20),
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        };
+
         protected override SelectionHandler<HitObject> CreateSelectionHandler() => new TaikoSelectionHandler();
 
         public override HitObjectSelectionBlueprint CreateHitObjectBlueprintFor(HitObject hitObject) =>

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Mods/TaikoModConstantSpeed.cs

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Mods
     {
         public override string Name => "Constant Speed";
         public override string Acronym => "CS";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 0.9;
         public override LocalisableString Description => "No more tricky speed changes!";
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModConstantSpeed;
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Conversion;

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Mods/TaikoModFlashlight.cs

@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Mods
 {
     public partial class TaikoModFlashlight : ModFlashlight<TaikoHitObject>
     {
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.12 : 1;
-
         public override BindableFloat SizeMultiplier { get; } = new BindableFloat(1)
         {
             MinValue = 0.5f,

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Mods/TaikoModHardRock.cs

@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Mods
 {
     public class TaikoModHardRock : ModHardRock
     {
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.06 : 1;
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Multiplier factor added to the scrolling speed.
         /// </summary>

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Mods/TaikoModHidden.cs

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Mods
     public class TaikoModHidden : ModHidden, IApplicableToDrawableRuleset<TaikoHitObject>
     {
         public override LocalisableString Description => @"Beats fade out before you hit them!";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.06 : 1;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// How far away from the hit target should hitobjects start to fade out.

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Mods/TaikoModSimplifiedRhythm.cs

@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Mods
     {
         public override string Name => "Simplified Rhythm";
         public override string Acronym => "SR";
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 0.6;
         public override LocalisableString Description => "Simplify tricky rhythms!";
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModSimplifiedRhythm;
         public override ModType Type => ModType.DifficultyReduction;

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Mods/TaikoModSingleTap.cs

@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Mods
         public override LocalisableString Description => @"One key for dons, one key for kats.";
 
         public override bool Ranked => true;
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1.0;
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => new[] { typeof(ModAutoplay), typeof(ModRelax), typeof(TaikoModCinema) };
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Conversion;
 

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Mods/TaikoModSwap.cs

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Mods
         public override LocalisableString Description => @"Dons become kats, kats become dons";
         public override IconUsage? Icon => OsuIcon.ModSwap;
         public override ModType Type => ModType.Conversion;
-        public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
         public override Type[] IncompatibleMods => base.IncompatibleMods.Append(typeof(ModRandom)).ToArray();
         public override bool Ranked => true;
 

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Scoring/TaikoScoreMultiplierCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Scoring;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Scoring
+{
+    public class TaikoScoreMultiplierCalculator : ScoreMultiplierCalculator
+    {
+        public TaikoScoreMultiplierCalculator(ScoreMultiplierContext context)
+            : base(context)
+        {
+            #region Difficulty Reduction
+
+            Single<TaikoModEasy>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<TaikoModNoFail>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<TaikoModHalfTime>(hasMultiplier: halfTime => rateAdjustMultiplier(halfTime.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<TaikoModDaycore>(hasMultiplier: daycore => rateAdjustMultiplier(daycore.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<TaikoModSimplifiedRhythm>(hasMultiplier: 0.6);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Difficulty Increase
+
+            Single<TaikoModHardRock>(hasMultiplier: hardRock => hardRock.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.06 : 1);
+            // Sudden Death
+            // Perfect
+            Single<TaikoModDoubleTime>(hasMultiplier: doubleTime => rateAdjustMultiplier(doubleTime.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<TaikoModNightcore>(hasMultiplier: nightcore => rateAdjustMultiplier(nightcore.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<TaikoModHidden>(hasMultiplier: hidden => hidden.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.06 : 1);
+            Single<TaikoModFlashlight>(hasMultiplier: flashlight => flashlight.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.12 : 1);
+            // Accuracy Challenge
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Conversion
+
+            // Random
+            Single<TaikoModDifficultyAdjust>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<TaikoModClassic>(hasMultiplier: _ => classicMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            // Swap
+            // Single Tap
+            Single<TaikoModConstantSpeed>(hasMultiplier: 0.9);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Automation
+
+            // Autoplay
+            // Cinema
+            Single<TaikoModRelax>(hasMultiplier: 0.1);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Fun
+
+            Single<ModWindUp>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<ModWindDown>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            // Muted
+            Single<ModAdaptiveSpeed>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region System
+
+            // Score V2
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+
+        private static double rateAdjustMultiplier(double speedChange)
+        {
+            // Round to the nearest multiple of 0.1.
+            double value = (int)(speedChange * 10) / 10.0;
+
+            // Offset back to 0.
+            value -= 1;
+
+            if (speedChange >= 1)
+                return 1 + value / 5;
+            else
+                return 0.6 + value;
+        }
+
+        private static double classicMultiplier(ScoreInfo? score)
+        {
+            if (score != null && score.TotalScoreVersion < 30000017)
+                return 0.96;
+
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/TaikoRuleset.cs

@@ -188,6 +188,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko
             }
         }
 
+        public override ScoreMultiplierCalculator CreateScoreMultiplierCalculator(ScoreMultiplierContext context) => new TaikoScoreMultiplierCalculator(context);
+
         public override string Description => "osu!taiko";
 
         public override string ShortName => SHORT_NAME;

osu.Game.Tests/Beatmaps/Formats/LegacyBeatmapEncoderTest.cs

@@ -41,14 +41,14 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
 
         private static IEnumerable<string> allBeatmaps = beatmaps_resource_store.GetAvailableResources().Where(res => res.EndsWith(".osu", StringComparison.Ordinal));
 
+        public record BeatmapComponents(IBeatmap Beatmap, LegacySkin Skin, Storyboard Storyboard);
+
         [Test]
-        public void TestUnsupportedStoryboardEvents()
+        public void TestStoryboardEvents()
         {
             const string name = "Resources/storyboard_only_video.osu";
 
             var decoded = DecodeFromLegacy(beatmaps_resource_store.GetStream(name), beatmaps_resource_store, name);
-            Assert.That(decoded.beatmap.UnhandledEventLines.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));
-            Assert.That(decoded.beatmap.UnhandledEventLines.Single(), Is.EqualTo("Video,0,\"video.avi\""));
 
             var memoryStream = EncodeToLegacy(decoded);
 
@@ -63,8 +63,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
             var decoded = DecodeFromLegacy(beatmaps_resource_store.GetStream(name), beatmaps_resource_store, name);
             var decodedAfterEncode = DecodeFromLegacy(EncodeToLegacy(decoded), beatmaps_resource_store, name);
 
-            Sort(decoded.beatmap);
+            Sort(decoded.Beatmap);
-            Sort(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap);
+            Sort(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap);
 
             CompareBeatmaps(decoded, decodedAfterEncode);
         }
@@ -76,10 +76,10 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
             var decodedAfterEncode = DecodeFromLegacy(EncodeToLegacy(decoded), beatmaps_resource_store, name);
 
             // run an extra convert. this is expected to be stable.
-            decodedAfterEncode.beatmap = convert(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap);
+            decodedAfterEncode = decodedAfterEncode with { Beatmap = convert(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap) };
 
-            Sort(decoded.beatmap);
+            Sort(decoded.Beatmap);
-            Sort(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap);
+            Sort(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap);
 
             CompareBeatmaps(decoded, decodedAfterEncode);
         }
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
 
             // we are testing that the transfer of relevant data to hitobjects (from legacy control points) sticks through encode/decode.
             // before the encode step, the legacy information is removed here.
-            decoded.beatmap.ControlPointInfo = removeLegacyControlPointTypes(decoded.beatmap.ControlPointInfo);
+            decoded.Beatmap.ControlPointInfo = removeLegacyControlPointTypes(decoded.Beatmap.ControlPointInfo);
 
             var decodedAfterEncode = DecodeFromLegacy(EncodeToLegacy(decoded), beatmaps_resource_store, name);
 
@@ -120,17 +120,21 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
             }
         }
 
-        public static void CompareBeatmaps((IBeatmap beatmap, TestLegacySkin skin) expected, (IBeatmap beatmap, TestLegacySkin skin) actual)
+        public static void CompareBeatmaps(BeatmapComponents expected, BeatmapComponents actual)
         {
             // Check all control points that are still considered to be at a global level.
-            Assert.That(actual.beatmap.ControlPointInfo.TimingPoints.Serialize(), Is.EqualTo(expected.beatmap.ControlPointInfo.TimingPoints.Serialize()));
+            Assert.That(actual.Beatmap.ControlPointInfo.TimingPoints.Serialize(), Is.EqualTo(expected.Beatmap.ControlPointInfo.TimingPoints.Serialize()));
-            Assert.That(actual.beatmap.ControlPointInfo.EffectPoints.Serialize(), Is.EqualTo(expected.beatmap.ControlPointInfo.EffectPoints.Serialize()));
+            Assert.That(actual.Beatmap.ControlPointInfo.EffectPoints.Serialize(), Is.EqualTo(expected.Beatmap.ControlPointInfo.EffectPoints.Serialize()));
 
             // Check all hitobjects.
-            Assert.That(actual.beatmap.HitObjects.Serialize(), Is.EqualTo(expected.beatmap.HitObjects.Serialize()));
+            Assert.That(actual.Beatmap.HitObjects.Serialize(), Is.EqualTo(expected.Beatmap.HitObjects.Serialize()));
 
             // Check skin.
-            ClassicAssert.True(areComboColoursEqual(expected.skin.Configuration, actual.skin.Configuration));
+            ClassicAssert.True(areComboColoursEqual(expected.Skin.Configuration, actual.Skin.Configuration));
+
+            // Do a rough pass on storyboard layers.
+            foreach (string layer in actual.Storyboard.Layers.Concat(expected.Storyboard.Layers).Select(l => l.Name).Distinct())
+                Assert.That(actual.Storyboard.GetLayer(layer).Elements.Count, Is.EqualTo(expected.Storyboard.GetLayer(layer).Elements.Count));
         }
 
         [Test]
@@ -153,9 +157,9 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
                 }
             };
 
-            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy((beatmap, new TestLegacySkin(beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty)));
+            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy(new BeatmapComponents(beatmap, new TestLegacySkin(beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty), new Storyboard()));
             var decodedAfterEncode = DecodeFromLegacy(encoded, beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty);
-            var decodedSlider = (Slider)decodedAfterEncode.beatmap.HitObjects[0];
+            var decodedSlider = (Slider)decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.HitObjects[0];
             Assert.That(decodedSlider.Path.ControlPoints.Count, Is.EqualTo(4));
             Assert.That(decodedSlider.Path.ControlPoints[0].Type, Is.EqualTo(PathType.BSpline(3)));
             Assert.That(decodedSlider.Path.ControlPoints[2].Type, Is.EqualTo(PathType.BSpline(3)));
@@ -183,9 +187,9 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
                 }
             };
 
-            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy((beatmap, new TestLegacySkin(beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty)));
+            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy(new BeatmapComponents(beatmap, new TestLegacySkin(beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty), new Storyboard()));
             var decodedAfterEncode = DecodeFromLegacy(encoded, beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty);
-            var decodedSlider = (Slider)decodedAfterEncode.beatmap.HitObjects[0];
+            var decodedSlider = (Slider)decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.HitObjects[0];
             Assert.That(decodedSlider.Path.ControlPoints.Count, Is.EqualTo(5));
         }
 
@@ -211,9 +215,9 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
                 }
             };
 
-            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy((new Beatmap(), beatmapSkin));
+            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy(new BeatmapComponents(new Beatmap(), beatmapSkin, new Storyboard()));
             var decodedAfterEncode = DecodeFromLegacy(encoded, beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty);
-            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.skin.Configuration.CustomComboColours, Has.Count.EqualTo(8));
+            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Skin.Configuration.CustomComboColours, Has.Count.EqualTo(8));
         }
 
         [Test]
@@ -234,9 +238,9 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
                 HitObjects = { originalSlider }
             };
 
-            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy((beatmap, new TestLegacySkin(beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty)));
+            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy(new BeatmapComponents(beatmap, new TestLegacySkin(beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty), new Storyboard()));
             var decodedAfterEncode = DecodeFromLegacy(encoded, beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty, version: LegacyBeatmapEncoder.FIRST_LAZER_VERSION);
-            var decodedSlider = (Slider)decodedAfterEncode.beatmap.HitObjects[0];
+            var decodedSlider = (Slider)decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.HitObjects[0];
             Assert.That(decodedSlider.Path.ControlPoints.Select(p => p.Position),
                 Is.EquivalentTo(originalSlider.Path.ControlPoints.Select(p => p.Position)));
         }
@@ -254,17 +258,17 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
                 }
             };
 
-            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy((beatmap, new TestLegacySkin(beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty)));
+            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy(new BeatmapComponents(beatmap, new TestLegacySkin(beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty), new Storyboard()));
             var decodedAfterEncode = DecodeFromLegacy(encoded, beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty);
 
-            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap.HitObjects[0].Samples[0].Suffix, Is.Null);
+            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.HitObjects[0].Samples[0].Suffix, Is.Null);
-            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap.HitObjects[0].Samples[0].UseBeatmapSamples, Is.False);
+            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.HitObjects[0].Samples[0].UseBeatmapSamples, Is.False);
 
-            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap.HitObjects[1].Samples[0].Suffix, Is.Null);
+            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.HitObjects[1].Samples[0].Suffix, Is.Null);
-            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap.HitObjects[1].Samples[0].UseBeatmapSamples, Is.True);
+            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.HitObjects[1].Samples[0].UseBeatmapSamples, Is.True);
 
-            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap.HitObjects[2].Samples[0].Suffix, Is.EqualTo("3"));
+            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.HitObjects[2].Samples[0].Suffix, Is.EqualTo("3"));
-            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap.HitObjects[2].Samples[0].UseBeatmapSamples, Is.True);
+            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.HitObjects[2].Samples[0].UseBeatmapSamples, Is.True);
         }
 
         private static bool areComboColoursEqual(IHasComboColours a, IHasComboColours b)
@@ -289,7 +293,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
             }
         }
 
-        public static (IBeatmap beatmap, TestLegacySkin skin) DecodeFromLegacy(Stream stream, IResourceStore<byte[]> beatmapsResourceStore, string name, int version = LegacyDecoder<Beatmap>.LATEST_VERSION)
+        public static BeatmapComponents DecodeFromLegacy(Stream stream, IResourceStore<byte[]> beatmapsResourceStore, string name, int version = LegacyDecoder<Beatmap>.LATEST_VERSION)
         {
             using (var reader = new LineBufferedReader(stream))
             {
@@ -297,7 +301,9 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
                 var beatmapSkin = new TestLegacySkin(beatmapsResourceStore, name);
                 stream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
                 beatmapSkin.Configuration = new LegacySkinDecoder().Decode(reader);
-                return (convert(beatmap), beatmapSkin);
+                stream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+                var storyboard = new LegacyStoryboardDecoder().Decode(reader);
+                return new BeatmapComponents(convert(beatmap), beatmapSkin, storyboard);
             }
         }
 
@@ -309,13 +315,13 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
             }
         }
 
-        public static MemoryStream EncodeToLegacy((IBeatmap beatmap, ISkin skin) fullBeatmap)
+        public static MemoryStream EncodeToLegacy(BeatmapComponents fullBeatmap)
         {
-            var (beatmap, beatmapSkin) = fullBeatmap;
+            var (beatmap, beatmapSkin, storyboard) = fullBeatmap;
             var stream = new MemoryStream();
 
             using (var writer = new StreamWriter(stream, Encoding.UTF8, 1024, true))
-                new LegacyBeatmapEncoder(beatmap, beatmapSkin).Encode(writer);
+                new LegacyBeatmapEncoder(beatmap, beatmapSkin, storyboard).Encode(writer);
 
             stream.Position = 0;
 

osu.Game.Tests/Beatmaps/Formats/LegacyScoreDecoderTest.cs

@@ -552,6 +552,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
         }
 
         [Test]
+        [Ignore("Temporarily ignored pending correct addressing of treatment of `TotalScoreVersion` in replays")]
         public void TestTotalScoreWithoutModsBackwardsPopulatedIfMissing()
         {
             var ruleset = new OsuRuleset().RulesetInfo;

osu.Game.Tests/Beatmaps/Formats/LegacyStoryboardEncoderTest.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics;
+using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Game.Beatmaps.Formats;
+using osu.Game.IO;
+using osu.Game.Storyboards;
+using osuTK;
+using osuTK.Graphics;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class LegacyStoryboardEncoderTest
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void TestBackground()
+        {
+            var initial = createComponents();
+            initial.Beatmap.BeatmapInfo.Metadata.BackgroundFile = "bg.jpg";
+
+            var encoded = encode(initial);
+            var decodedAfterEncode = decode(encoded);
+
+            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.BeatmapInfo.Metadata.BackgroundFile, Is.EqualTo("bg.jpg"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestBackgroundOffset()
+        {
+            var initial = createComponents();
+            initial.Beatmap.BeatmapInfo.Metadata.BackgroundFile = "bg_offset.jpg";
+            initial.Storyboard.BackgroundOffset = new Vector2(0, 45);
+
+            var encoded = encode(initial);
+            var decodedAfterEncode = decode(encoded);
+
+            Assert.Multiple(() =>
+            {
+                Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.BeatmapInfo.Metadata.BackgroundFile, Is.EqualTo("bg_offset.jpg"));
+                Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Storyboard.BackgroundOffset, Is.EqualTo(new Vector2(0, 45)));
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestVideos()
+        {
+            var initial = createComponents();
+
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Video").Add(new StoryboardVideo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "video1.avi", 0));
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Video").Add(new StoryboardVideo(StoryboardElementSource.Shared, "video2.mp4", 1234));
+
+            var encoded = encode(initial);
+            var decodedAfterEncode = decode(encoded);
+
+            Assert.Multiple(() =>
+            {
+                var videoLayer = decodedAfterEncode.Storyboard.GetLayer("Video");
+                Assert.That(videoLayer.Elements, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+
+                Assert.That(videoLayer.Elements[0].Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap));
+                Assert.That(videoLayer.Elements[0].Path, Is.EqualTo("video1.avi"));
+                Assert.That(videoLayer.Elements[0].StartTime, Is.EqualTo(0));
+
+                Assert.That(videoLayer.Elements[1].Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Shared));
+                Assert.That(videoLayer.Elements[1].Path, Is.EqualTo("video2.mp4"));
+                Assert.That(videoLayer.Elements[1].StartTime, Is.EqualTo(1234));
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestVideoWithCommands()
+        {
+            var initial = createComponents();
+
+            var video = new StoryboardVideo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "video1.avi", 0);
+            video.Commands.AddScale(Easing.None, 0, 0, 0.7f, 0.7f);
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Video").Add(video);
+
+            var encoded = encode(initial);
+            var decodedAfterEncode = decode(encoded);
+
+            Assert.Multiple(() =>
+            {
+                var decodedVideo = (StoryboardVideo)decodedAfterEncode.Storyboard.GetLayer("Video").Elements.Single();
+
+                Assert.That(decodedVideo.Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap));
+                Assert.That(decodedVideo.Path, Is.EqualTo("video1.avi"));
+                Assert.That(decodedVideo.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(0));
+
+                Assert.That(decodedVideo.Commands.Scale, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+                var scaleCommand = (decodedVideo.Commands.Scale.Single());
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.None));
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(0));
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(0));
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(0.7f));
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(0.7f));
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestSpritesAndAnimations()
+        {
+            var initial = createComponents();
+
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Add(new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "1.png", Anchor.TopLeft, new Vector2()));
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Fail").Add(new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Shared, "2.png", Anchor.Centre, new Vector2(-3)));
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Pass").Add(new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Shared, "3.png", Anchor.BottomRight, new Vector2(30, -30)));
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Foreground").Add(new StoryboardAnimation(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "anim1", Anchor.CentreLeft, new Vector2(30), frameCount: 10, frameDelay: 30, AnimationLoopType.LoopForever));
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Overlay").Add(new StoryboardAnimation(StoryboardElementSource.Shared, "anim2", Anchor.CentreRight, new Vector2(30), frameCount: 4, frameDelay: 100, AnimationLoopType.LoopOnce));
+
+            var encoded = encode(initial);
+            var decodedAfterEncode = decode(encoded);
+
+            var sb = decodedAfterEncode.Storyboard;
+
+            Assert.Multiple(() =>
+            {
+                var backgroundSprite = (StoryboardSprite)sb.GetLayer("Background").Elements.Single();
+                Assert.That(backgroundSprite.Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap));
+                Assert.That(backgroundSprite.Path, Is.EqualTo("1.png"));
+                Assert.That(backgroundSprite.Origin, Is.EqualTo(Anchor.TopLeft));
+                Assert.That(backgroundSprite.InitialPosition, Is.EqualTo(new Vector2()));
+
+                var failSprite = (StoryboardSprite)sb.GetLayer("Fail").Elements.Single();
+                Assert.That(failSprite.Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Shared));
+                Assert.That(failSprite.Path, Is.EqualTo("2.png"));
+                Assert.That(failSprite.Origin, Is.EqualTo(Anchor.Centre));
+                Assert.That(failSprite.InitialPosition, Is.EqualTo(new Vector2(-3)));
+
+                var passSprite = (StoryboardSprite)sb.GetLayer("Pass").Elements.Single();
+                Assert.That(passSprite.Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Shared));
+                Assert.That(passSprite.Path, Is.EqualTo("3.png"));
+                Assert.That(passSprite.Origin, Is.EqualTo(Anchor.BottomRight));
+                Assert.That(passSprite.InitialPosition, Is.EqualTo(new Vector2(30, -30)));
+
+                var foregroundAnimation = (StoryboardAnimation)sb.GetLayer("Foreground").Elements.Single();
+                Assert.That(foregroundAnimation.Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap));
+                Assert.That(foregroundAnimation.Path, Is.EqualTo("anim1"));
+                Assert.That(foregroundAnimation.Origin, Is.EqualTo(Anchor.CentreLeft));
+                Assert.That(foregroundAnimation.InitialPosition, Is.EqualTo(new Vector2(30)));
+                Assert.That(foregroundAnimation.FrameCount, Is.EqualTo(10));
+                Assert.That(foregroundAnimation.FrameDelay, Is.EqualTo(30));
+                Assert.That(foregroundAnimation.LoopType, Is.EqualTo(AnimationLoopType.LoopForever));
+
+                var overlayAnimation = (StoryboardAnimation)sb.GetLayer("Overlay").Elements.Single();
+                Assert.That(overlayAnimation.Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Shared));
+                Assert.That(overlayAnimation.Path, Is.EqualTo("anim2"));
+                Assert.That(overlayAnimation.Origin, Is.EqualTo(Anchor.CentreRight));
+                Assert.That(overlayAnimation.InitialPosition, Is.EqualTo(new Vector2(30)));
+                Assert.That(overlayAnimation.FrameCount, Is.EqualTo(4));
+                Assert.That(overlayAnimation.FrameDelay, Is.EqualTo(100));
+                Assert.That(overlayAnimation.LoopType, Is.EqualTo(AnimationLoopType.LoopOnce));
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestCommands()
+        {
+            var initial = createComponents();
+
+            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "test.jpg", Anchor.Centre, new Vector2(300));
+            sprite.Commands.AddAlpha(Easing.InBack, 100, 200, 0, 1);
+            sprite.Commands.AddBlendingParameters(Easing.None, 300, 300, BlendingParameters.Additive, BlendingParameters.Additive);
+            sprite.Commands.AddColour(Easing.InCubic, 400, 500, Color4.White, Color4.Aquamarine);
+            sprite.Commands.AddFlipH(Easing.InOutQuad, 600, 600, true, true);
+            sprite.Commands.AddFlipV(Easing.InOutQuad, 800, 900, true, false);
+            sprite.Commands.AddRotation(Easing.OutSine, 1000, 1100, 0, 720);
+            sprite.Commands.AddScale(Easing.OutQuint, 1200, 1300, 1, 4);
+            sprite.Commands.AddVectorScale(Easing.InCirc, 1400, 1500, new Vector2(4), new Vector2(3, 1));
+            sprite.Commands.AddX(Easing.InOutQuad, 1600, 1700, 300, 500);
+            sprite.Commands.AddY(Easing.OutBounce, 1800, 1800, 300, 100);
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Add(sprite);
+
+            var encoded = encode(initial);
+            var decodedAfterEncode = decode(encoded);
+
+            var decodedSprite = (StoryboardSprite)decodedAfterEncode.Storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Elements.Single();
+
+            Assert.Multiple(() =>
+            {
+                var alphaCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.Alpha.Single();
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.InBack));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(100));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(200));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(0));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(1));
+
+                var blendingCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.BlendingParameters.Single();
+                Assert.That(blendingCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.None));
+                Assert.That(blendingCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(300));
+                Assert.That(blendingCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(300));
+                Assert.That(blendingCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(BlendingParameters.Additive));
+                Assert.That(blendingCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(BlendingParameters.Additive));
+
+                var colourCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.Colour.Single();
+                Assert.That(colourCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.InCubic));
+                Assert.That(colourCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(400));
+                Assert.That(colourCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(500));
+                Assert.That(colourCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(Color4.White));
+                Assert.That(colourCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(Color4.Aquamarine));
+
+                var flipHCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.FlipH.Single();
+                Assert.That(flipHCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.InOutQuad));
+                Assert.That(flipHCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(600));
+                Assert.That(flipHCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(600));
+                Assert.That(flipHCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(true));
+                Assert.That(flipHCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(true));
+
+                var flipVCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.FlipV.Single();
+                Assert.That(flipVCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.InOutQuad));
+                Assert.That(flipVCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(800));
+                Assert.That(flipVCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(900));
+                Assert.That(flipVCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(true));
+                Assert.That(flipVCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(false));
+
+                var rotationCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.Rotation.Single();
+                Assert.That(rotationCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.OutSine));
+                Assert.That(rotationCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(1000));
+                Assert.That(rotationCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(1100));
+                Assert.That(rotationCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(0));
+                Assert.That(rotationCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(720));
+
+                var scaleCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.Scale.Single();
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.OutQuint));
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(1200));
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(1300));
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(1));
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(4));
+
+                var vectorScaleCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.VectorScale.Single();
+                Assert.That(vectorScaleCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.InCirc));
+                Assert.That(vectorScaleCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(1400));
+                Assert.That(vectorScaleCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(1500));
+                Assert.That(vectorScaleCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(new Vector2(4)));
+                Assert.That(vectorScaleCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(new Vector2(3, 1)));
+
+                var xCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.X.Single();
+                Assert.That(xCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.InOutQuad));
+                Assert.That(xCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(1600));
+                Assert.That(xCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(1700));
+                Assert.That(xCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(300));
+                Assert.That(xCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(500));
+
+                var yCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.Y.Single();
+                Assert.That(yCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.OutBounce));
+                Assert.That(yCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(1800));
+                Assert.That(yCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(1800));
+                Assert.That(yCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(300));
+                Assert.That(yCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(100));
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestLoopingGroup()
+        {
+            var initial = createComponents();
+
+            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "test.jpg", Anchor.Centre, new Vector2(300));
+            var loopingGroup = sprite.AddLoopingGroup(1000, 44);
+            loopingGroup.AddAlpha(Easing.OutQuint, 1000, 1500, 0, 1);
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Add(sprite);
+
+            var encoded = encode(initial);
+            var decodedAfterEncode = decode(encoded);
+
+            var decodedSprite = (StoryboardSprite)decodedAfterEncode.Storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Elements.Single();
+
+            Assert.Multiple(() =>
+            {
+                Assert.That(decodedSprite.LoopingGroups, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+                var decodedLoopingGroup = decodedSprite.LoopingGroups.Single();
+                Assert.That(decodedLoopingGroup.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(1000));
+                Assert.That(decodedLoopingGroup.TotalIterations, Is.EqualTo(45));
+
+                var alphaCommand = decodedLoopingGroup.Alpha.Single();
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.OutQuint));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(1000));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(1500));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(0));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(1));
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestTriggerGroup()
+        {
+            var initial = createComponents();
+
+            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "test.jpg", Anchor.Centre, new Vector2(300));
+            var triggerGroup = sprite.AddTriggerGroup("Passing", 0, 100000, 33);
+            triggerGroup.AddAlpha(Easing.OutQuint, 0, 500, 0, 1);
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Add(sprite);
+
+            var encoded = encode(initial);
+            var decodedAfterEncode = decode(encoded);
+
+            var decodedSprite = (StoryboardSprite)decodedAfterEncode.Storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Elements.Single();
+
+            Assert.Multiple(() =>
+            {
+                Assert.That(decodedSprite.TriggerGroups, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+                var decodedTriggerGroup = decodedSprite.TriggerGroups.Single();
+                Assert.That(decodedTriggerGroup.TriggerName, Is.EqualTo("Passing"));
+                Assert.That(decodedTriggerGroup.TriggerStartTime, Is.EqualTo(0));
+                Assert.That(decodedTriggerGroup.TriggerEndTime, Is.EqualTo(100000));
+                Assert.That(decodedTriggerGroup.GroupNumber, Is.EqualTo(33));
+
+                var alphaCommand = decodedTriggerGroup.Alpha.Single();
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.OutQuint));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(0));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(500));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(0));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(1));
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestStoryboardSamples()
+        {
+            var initial = createComponents();
+
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Pass").Add(new StoryboardSampleInfo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "pass.wav", 4000, 85));
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Fail").Add(new StoryboardSampleInfo(StoryboardElementSource.Shared, "fail.wav", 4000, 100));
+
+            var encoded = encode(initial);
+            var decodedAfterEncode = decode(encoded);
+
+            Assert.Multiple(() =>
+            {
+                var passingSample = (StoryboardSampleInfo)decodedAfterEncode.Storyboard.GetLayer("Pass").Elements.Single();
+                Assert.That(passingSample.Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap));
+                Assert.That(passingSample.Path, Is.EqualTo("pass.wav"));
+                Assert.That(passingSample.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(4000));
+                Assert.That(passingSample.Volume, Is.EqualTo(85));
+
+                var failingSample = (StoryboardSampleInfo)decodedAfterEncode.Storyboard.GetLayer("Fail").Elements.Single();
+                Assert.That(failingSample.Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Shared));
+                Assert.That(failingSample.Path, Is.EqualTo("fail.wav"));
+                Assert.That(failingSample.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(4000));
+                Assert.That(failingSample.Volume, Is.EqualTo(100));
+            });
+        }
+
+        private record DecodedBeatmapComponents(IBeatmap Beatmap, Storyboard Storyboard);
+
+        private record EncodedBeatmapComponents(MemoryStream Beatmap, MemoryStream Storyboard);
+
+        private DecodedBeatmapComponents createComponents()
+        {
+            var beatmapInfo = new BeatmapInfo();
+            var beatmap = new Beatmap
+            {
+                BeatmapInfo = beatmapInfo
+            };
+            var storyboard = new Storyboard
+            {
+                Beatmap = beatmap,
+                BeatmapInfo = beatmapInfo
+            };
+
+            return new DecodedBeatmapComponents(beatmap, storyboard);
+        }
+
+        private EncodedBeatmapComponents encode(DecodedBeatmapComponents decoded)
+        {
+            var beatmapStream = new MemoryStream();
+            using (var beatmapWriter = new StreamWriter(beatmapStream, Encoding.UTF8, 1024, leaveOpen: true))
+                new LegacyBeatmapEncoder(decoded.Beatmap, null, decoded.Storyboard).Encode(beatmapWriter);
+            beatmapStream.Position = 0;
+
+            var storyboardStream = new MemoryStream();
+            using (var storyboardWriter = new StreamWriter(storyboardStream, Encoding.UTF8, 1024, leaveOpen: true))
+                new LegacyStoryboardEncoder(decoded.Storyboard).EncodeStandaloneStoryboard(storyboardWriter);
+            storyboardStream.Position = 0;
+
+            return new EncodedBeatmapComponents(beatmapStream, storyboardStream);
+        }
+
+        private DecodedBeatmapComponents decode(EncodedBeatmapComponents encoded)
+        {
+            using var beatmapReader = new LineBufferedReader(encoded.Beatmap, leaveOpen: true);
+            var beatmap = new LegacyBeatmapDecoder().Decode(beatmapReader);
+
+            encoded.Beatmap.Position = 0;
+            using var storyboardReader = new LineBufferedReader(encoded.Storyboard, leaveOpen: true);
+            var storyboard = new LegacyStoryboardDecoder().Decode(beatmapReader, storyboardReader);
+
+            encoded.Beatmap.Position = 0;
+            encoded.Storyboard.Position = 0;
+
+            return new DecodedBeatmapComponents(beatmap, storyboard);
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Tests/Beatmaps/IO/LegacyBeatmapExporterTest.cs

@@ -122,6 +122,29 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.IO
                 () => Is.EqualTo(384).Within(0.00001));
         }
 
+        [Test]
+        public void TestBackgroundSpecificationPreserved()
+        {
+            IWorkingBeatmap beatmap = null!;
+            MemoryStream outStream = null!;
+
+            // Ensure importer encoding is correct
+            AddStep("import beatmap", () => beatmap = importBeatmapFromArchives(@"241526 Soleily - Renatus.osz"));
+            AddAssert("beatmap background is correct", () => beatmap.BeatmapInfo.Metadata.BackgroundFile, () => Is.EqualTo("machinetop_background.jpg"));
+
+            // Ensure exporter legacy conversion is correct
+            AddStep("export", () =>
+            {
+                outStream = new MemoryStream();
+
+                new LegacyBeatmapExporter(LocalStorage)
+                    .ExportToStream((BeatmapSetInfo)beatmap.BeatmapInfo.BeatmapSet!, outStream, null);
+            });
+
+            AddStep("import beatmap again", () => beatmap = importBeatmapFromStream(outStream));
+            AddAssert("beatmap background is still correct", () => beatmap.BeatmapInfo.Metadata.BackgroundFile, () => Is.EqualTo("machinetop_background.jpg"));
+        }
+
         [Test]
         public void TestExportStability()
         {

osu.Game.Tests/Editing/Checks/CheckAudioInVideoTest.cs

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing.Checks
         {
             var storyboard = new Storyboard();
             var layer = storyboard.GetLayer("Video");
-            layer.Add(new StoryboardVideo("abc123.mp4", 0));
+            layer.Add(new StoryboardVideo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "abc123.mp4", 0));
 
             var mockWorkingBeatmap = new Mock<TestWorkingBeatmap>(beatmap, null!, null!);
             mockWorkingBeatmap.Setup(w => w.GetStream(It.IsAny<string>())).Returns(resourceStream);

osu.Game.Tests/Editing/Checks/CheckInconsistentSettingsTest.cs

@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing.Checks
             if (hasStoryboard)
             {
                 storyboard = new Storyboard();
-                storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Add(new StoryboardSprite("test.png", Anchor.Centre, Vector2.Zero));
+                storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Add(new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "test.png", Anchor.Centre, Vector2.Zero));
             }
 
             var verifiedCurrentBeatmap = new BeatmapVerifierContext.VerifiedBeatmap(new TestWorkingBeatmap(currentBeatmap, storyboard), currentBeatmap);

osu.Game.Tests/Editing/Checks/CheckUnusedAudioAtEndTest.cs

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing.Checks
         {
             var storyboard = new Storyboard();
 
-            var video = new StoryboardVideo("abc123.mp4", 0);
+            var video = new StoryboardVideo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "abc123.mp4", 0);
 
             storyboard.GetLayer("Video").Add(video);
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing.Checks
         {
             var storyboard = new Storyboard();
 
-            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite("unknown", Anchor.TopLeft, Vector2.Zero);
+            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "unknown", Anchor.TopLeft, Vector2.Zero);
 
             storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Add(sprite);
 

osu.Game.Tests/Editing/Checks/CheckVideoResolutionTest.cs

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing.Checks
         {
             var storyboard = new Storyboard();
             var layer = storyboard.GetLayer("Video");
-            layer.Add(new StoryboardVideo("abc123.mp4", 0));
+            layer.Add(new StoryboardVideo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "abc123.mp4", 0));
 
             var mockWorkingBeatmap = new Mock<TestWorkingBeatmap>(beatmap, null!, null!);
             mockWorkingBeatmap.Setup(w => w.GetStream(It.IsAny<string>())).Returns(resourceStream);

osu.Game.Tests/Editing/Checks/CheckVideoUsageTest.cs

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing.Checks
             };
 
             var storyboard = new Storyboard();
-            storyboard.GetLayer("Video").Add(new StoryboardVideo(path, startTime));
+            storyboard.GetLayer("Video").Add(new StoryboardVideo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, path, startTime));
 
             var working = new TestWorkingBeatmap(beatmap, storyboard);
             return new BeatmapVerifierContext.VerifiedBeatmap(working, beatmap);

osu.Game.Tests/Editing/LegacyEditorBeatmapPatcherTest.cs

@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing
             using (var encoded = new MemoryStream())
             {
                 using (var sw = new StreamWriter(encoded))
-                    new LegacyBeatmapEncoder(beatmap, null).Encode(sw);
+                    new LegacyBeatmapEncoder(beatmap, null, null).Encode(sw);
 
                 return encoded.ToArray();
             }

osu.Game.Tests/Gameplay/TestSceneScoreProcessor.cs

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Gameplay
                     AccuracyJudgementCount = 1,
                     ComboPortion = 0,
                     BonusPortion = 0
-                }, DateTimeOffset.Now)
+                }, DateTimeOffset.Now, [], 0, [])
             });
 
             Assert.That(scoreProcessor.TotalScore.Value, Is.Zero);
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Gameplay
                     AccuracyJudgementCount = 0,
                     ComboPortion = 0,
                     BonusPortion = 0
-                }, DateTimeOffset.Now)
+                }, DateTimeOffset.Now, [], 0, [])
             });
 
             Assert.That(scoreProcessor.TotalScore.Value, Is.Zero);

osu.Game.Tests/Gameplay/TestSceneStoryboardSamples.cs

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Gameplay
                 {
                     Child = new FrameStabilityContainer
                     {
-                        Child = sample = new DrawableStoryboardSample(new StoryboardSampleInfo(string.Empty, 0, 1))
+                        Child = sample = new DrawableStoryboardSample(new StoryboardSampleInfo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, string.Empty, 0, 1))
                     }
                 });
             });
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Gameplay
                 {
                     Child = new FrameStabilityContainer
                     {
-                        Child = sample = new DrawableStoryboardSample(new StoryboardSampleInfo(string.Empty, 0, 1))
+                        Child = sample = new DrawableStoryboardSample(new StoryboardSampleInfo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, string.Empty, 0, 1))
                     }
                 });
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Gameplay
                     Child = beatmapSkinSourceContainer
                 });
 
-                beatmapSkinSourceContainer.Add(sample = new DrawableStoryboardSample(new StoryboardSampleInfo("test-sample", 1, 1))
+                beatmapSkinSourceContainer.Add(sample = new DrawableStoryboardSample(new StoryboardSampleInfo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "test-sample", 1, 1))
                 {
                     Clock = gameplayContainer
                 });

osu.Game.Tests/Mods/ModSettingsTest.cs

@@ -91,7 +91,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Mods
         {
             public override string Name => "Non-matching setting type mod";
             public override LocalisableString Description => "Description";
-            public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
             public override ModType Type => ModType.Conversion;
 
             [SettingSource("Test setting")]

osu.Game.Tests/Mods/ModUtilsTest.cs

@@ -421,7 +421,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Mods
             public override string Name => string.Empty;
             public override LocalisableString Description => string.Empty;
             public override string Acronym => string.Empty;
-            public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
             public override bool HasImplementation => true;
             public override bool ValidForMultiplayer => false;
             public override bool ValidForMultiplayerAsFreeMod => false;
@@ -432,7 +431,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Mods
             public override string Name => string.Empty;
             public override LocalisableString Description => string.Empty;
             public override string Acronym => string.Empty;
-            public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
             public override bool HasImplementation => true;
             public override bool ValidForMultiplayerAsFreeMod => false;
         }
@@ -441,7 +439,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Mods
         {
             public override string Name => string.Empty;
             public override LocalisableString Description => string.Empty;
-            public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1;
             public override string Acronym => string.Empty;
             public override bool HasImplementation => true;
             public override bool ValidForFreestyleAsRequiredMod => false;

osu.Game.Tests/Mods/TestCustomisableModRuleset.cs

@@ -59,8 +59,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Mods
 
         public abstract class TestModCustomisable : Mod, IApplicableMod
         {
-            public override double ScoreMultiplier => 1.0;
-
             public override LocalisableString Description => "This is a customisable test mod.";
 
             public override ModType Type => ModType.Conversion;