Fix client not sending data relevant to replay to spectator server (#37919)

- Related to https://github.com/ppy/osu/issues/37818, but of no material
help to it at this point (too late for that)

As noted in
https://github.com/ppy/osu/pull/37845#discussion_r3297203361.

Upon comparison of replays recorded by the client and by the server the
affected fields are: total score without mods, and the list of user
pauses. Additionally, the date of setting the score may differ -
server-side it seems to be written with UTC+0 while client-side it's
written using the local timezone offset. Not really interested in fixing
that last issue at this time.

Also included is an intentionally loud disclaimer in
`LegacyScoreEncoder` to tread with caution when treating the class. Not
sure it'll help, and it's a bit late for it as pretty much every single
versioning primitive has been ravaged to the brink of unusability, but
maybe it'll help someone in the future.

This also cleans up an unnecessary nullable on `FrameHeader.Mods` (added
in https://github.com/ppy/osu/pull/30137). This change can be only done
if users on releases earlier than 2024.1023.0 can no longer connect to
spectator server. I leave it to reviewers to determine this as I have no
visibility over current spectator server configuration. Inspecting the
`osu_builds` table may help confirm this. If it provokes unease, I can
back this change out.

README.md

@@ -136,8 +136,6 @@ When it comes to contributing to the project, the two main things you can do to
 
 If you wish to help with localisation efforts, head over to [crowdin](https://crowdin.com/project/osu-web).
 
-We love to reward quality contributions. If you have made a large contribution, or are a regular contributor, you are welcome to [submit an expense via opencollective](https://opencollective.com/ppy/expenses/new). If you have any questions, feel free to [reach out to peppy](mailto:pe@ppy.sh) before doing so.
-
 Our team believes in **human contributions**. Any contribution – be it an issue report or a pull request – which is created by, documented by, or aided by AI/LLM usage will typically be **closed and locked without further discussion**.
 
 ## Licence

osu.Android.props

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
     <EmbedAssembliesIntoApk>true</EmbedAssembliesIntoApk>
   </PropertyGroup>
   <ItemGroup>
-    <PackageReference Include="ppy.osu.Framework.Android" Version="2026.428.0" />
+    <PackageReference Include="ppy.osu.Framework.Android" Version="2026.521.0" />
   </ItemGroup>
   <PropertyGroup>
     <!-- Fody does not handle Android build well, and warns when unchanged.

osu.Android/OsuGameActivity.cs

@@ -20,13 +20,24 @@ using Uri = Android.Net.Uri;
 namespace osu.Android
 {
     [Activity(ConfigurationChanges = DEFAULT_CONFIG_CHANGES, Exported = true, LaunchMode = DEFAULT_LAUNCH_MODE, MainLauncher = true)]
-    [IntentFilter(new[] { Intent.ActionView }, Categories = new[] { Intent.CategoryDefault }, DataScheme = "content", DataPathPattern = ".*\\\\.osz", DataHost = "*", DataMimeType = "*/*")]
-    [IntentFilter(new[] { Intent.ActionView }, Categories = new[] { Intent.CategoryDefault }, DataScheme = "content", DataPathPattern = ".*\\\\.osk", DataHost = "*", DataMimeType = "*/*")]
-    [IntentFilter(new[] { Intent.ActionView }, Categories = new[] { Intent.CategoryDefault }, DataScheme = "content", DataPathPattern = ".*\\\\.osr", DataHost = "*", DataMimeType = "*/*")]
-    [IntentFilter(new[] { Intent.ActionView }, Categories = new[] { Intent.CategoryDefault }, DataScheme = "content", DataMimeType = "application/x-osu-beatmap-archive")]
-    [IntentFilter(new[] { Intent.ActionView }, Categories = new[] { Intent.CategoryDefault }, DataScheme = "content", DataMimeType = "application/x-osu-skin-archive")]
-    [IntentFilter(new[] { Intent.ActionView }, Categories = new[] { Intent.CategoryDefault }, DataScheme = "content", DataMimeType = "application/x-osu-replay")]
-    [IntentFilter(new[] { Intent.ActionSend, Intent.ActionSendMultiple }, Categories = new[] { Intent.CategoryDefault }, DataMimeTypes = new[]
+    [IntentFilter(new[] { Intent.ActionView }, Categories = new[] { Intent.CategoryDefault }, Label = "Import beatmap", DataScheme = "content", DataPathPattern = ".*\\\\.osz", DataHost = "*",
+        DataMimeType = "*/*")]
+    [IntentFilter(new[] { Intent.ActionView }, Categories = new[] { Intent.CategoryDefault }, Label = "Import skin", DataScheme = "content", DataPathPattern = ".*\\\\.osk", DataHost = "*",
+        DataMimeType = "*/*")]
+    [IntentFilter(new[] { Intent.ActionView }, Categories = new[] { Intent.CategoryDefault }, Label = "Import replay", DataScheme = "content", DataPathPattern = ".*\\\\.osr", DataHost = "*",
+        DataMimeType = "*/*")]
+    [IntentFilter(new[] { Intent.ActionView }, Categories = new[] { Intent.CategoryDefault }, Label = "Import beatmap", DataScheme = "content", DataMimeType = "application/x-osu-beatmap-archive")]
+    [IntentFilter(new[] { Intent.ActionView }, Categories = new[] { Intent.CategoryDefault }, Label = "Import skin", DataScheme = "content", DataMimeType = "application/x-osu-skin-archive")]
+    [IntentFilter(new[] { Intent.ActionView }, Categories = new[] { Intent.CategoryDefault }, Label = "Import replay", DataScheme = "content", DataMimeType = "application/x-osu-replay")]
+    [IntentFilter(new[] { Intent.ActionView }, Categories = new[] { Intent.CategoryDefault }, Label = "Import file", DataScheme = "content", DataMimeTypes = new[]
+    {
+        "application/zip",
+        "application/octet-stream",
+        "application/download",
+        "application/x-zip",
+        "application/x-zip-compressed",
+    })]
+    [IntentFilter(new[] { Intent.ActionSend, Intent.ActionSendMultiple }, Categories = new[] { Intent.CategoryDefault }, Label = "Import", DataMimeTypes = new[]
     {
         "application/zip",
         "application/octet-stream",

osu.Game.Benchmarks/BenchmarkScoreMultiplierCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Benchmarks
+{
+    public class BenchmarkScoreMultiplierCalculator : BenchmarkTest
+    {
+        private ScoreMultiplierCalculator calculator = null!;
+
+        [Params(1, 10, 100)]
+        public int Times { get; set; }
+
+        public record ModTestCase(string Description, IEnumerable<Mod> Mods)
+        {
+            public override string ToString() => Description;
+        }
+
+        public static IEnumerable<ModTestCase> ValuesForMods =>
+        [
+            new ModTestCase("no mods", []),
+            new ModTestCase("single mod", [new OsuModHardRock()]),
+            new ModTestCase("single mod 2", [new OsuModEasy()]),
+            new ModTestCase("multiple mods", [new OsuModHidden(), new OsuModHardRock(), new OsuModDoubleTime()]),
+            new ModTestCase("mods with adjusted settings", [
+                new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 2 } },
+                new OsuModHidden { OnlyFadeApproachCircles = { Value = true } },
+                new OsuModHardRock()
+            ]),
+        ];
+
+        [ParamsSource(nameof(ValuesForMods))]
+        public ModTestCase Mods { get; set; } = null!;
+
+        public override void SetUp()
+        {
+            base.SetUp();
+            calculator = new OsuRuleset().CreateScoreMultiplierCalculator(new ScoreMultiplierContext());
+        }
+
+        [Benchmark]
+        public double ViaCalculator()
+            => viaCalculator(Times, Mods);
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ViaCalculator([Values(100)] int times, [ValueSource(nameof(ValuesForMods))] ModTestCase mods)
+            => viaCalculator(times, mods);
+
+        private double viaCalculator(int times, ModTestCase mods)
+        {
+            double scoreMultiplier = 1;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < times; ++i)
+                scoreMultiplier = calculator.CalculateFor(mods.Mods);
+
+            return scoreMultiplier;
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Tests/CatchScoreMultiplierTest.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Tests.Rulesets;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Tests
+{
+    public class CatchScoreMultiplierTest : RulesetScoreMultiplierTest
+    {
+        public CatchScoreMultiplierTest()
+            : base(new CatchRuleset())
+        {
+        }
+
+        private static readonly object[][] test_cases =
+        [
+            #region Difficulty Reduction
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModEasy() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNoFail() }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.50 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.55 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.60 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.65 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.70 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.75 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.80 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.85 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.90 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.95 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.99 } } }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.50 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.55 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.60 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.65 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.70 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.75 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.80 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.85 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.90 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.95 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.99 } } }, 0.5],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Difficulty Increase
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHardRock() }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModSuddenDeath() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModPerfect() }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.01 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.05 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.10 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.15 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.20 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.25 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.30 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.35 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.40 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.45 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.50 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.55 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.60 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.65 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.70 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.75 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.80 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.85 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.90 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.95 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 2.00 } } }, 1.20],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.01 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.05 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.10 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.15 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.20 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.25 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.30 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.35 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.40 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.45 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.50 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.55 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.60 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.65 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.70 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.75 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.80 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.85 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.90 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.95 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 2.00 } } }, 1.20],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHidden() }, 1.06],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModFlashlight() }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModFlashlight { ComboBasedSize = { Value = false } } }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ModAccuracyChallenge() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Conversion
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModDifficultyAdjust() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModClassic() }, 0.96],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModMirror() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Automation
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModAutoplay() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModCinema() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModRelax() }, 0.1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Fun
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindUp() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindDown() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModFloatingFruits() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModMuted() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModNoScope() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModMovingFast() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModSynesthesia() }, 0.8],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region System
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ModScoreV2() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Combinations
+
+            [new Mod[] { new CatchModHidden(), new CatchModHardRock() }, 1.06 * 1.12]
+
+            #endregion
+        ];
+
+        [TestCaseSource(nameof(test_cases))]
+        public void TestMultipliers(Mod[] mods, double expectedMultiplier)
+            => TestModCombination(mods, expectedMultiplier);
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/CatchRuleset.cs

@@ -169,6 +169,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch
             }
         }
 
+        public override ScoreMultiplierCalculator CreateScoreMultiplierCalculator(ScoreMultiplierContext context) => new CatchScoreMultiplierCalculator(context);
+
         public override string Description => "osu!catch";
 
         public override string ShortName => SHORT_NAME;

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Edit/BananaShowerCompositionTool.cs

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
-using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit.Blueprints;
-using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Tools;
 
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit
     public class BananaShowerCompositionTool : CompositionTool
     {
         public BananaShowerCompositionTool()
-            : base(nameof(BananaShower))
+            : base("Banana shower")
         {
         }
 
-        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new BeatmapStatisticIcon(BeatmapStatisticsIconType.Spinners);
+        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new SpriteIcon { Icon = OsuIcon.EditorBananaShower };
 
         public override HitObjectPlacementBlueprint CreatePlacementBlueprint() => new BananaShowerPlacementBlueprint();
     }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Edit/CatchBeatmapVerifier.cs

@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit
     {
         private readonly List<ICheck> checks = new List<ICheck>
         {
+            // Audio
+            new CheckCatchFewHitsounds(),
+
             // Compose
             new CheckBananaShowerGap(),
             new CheckConcurrentObjects(),

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Edit/CatchBlueprintContainer.cs

@@ -3,11 +3,16 @@
 
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Containers;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
 using osu.Framework.Input.Events;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit.Blueprints;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects;
+using osu.Game.Screens.Edit.Components.TernaryButtons;
 using osu.Game.Screens.Edit.Compose.Components;
 using osuTK;
 
@@ -22,6 +27,29 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit
         {
         }
 
+        protected override Drawable CreateNewComboButton() => new NewComboTernaryButton
+        {
+            Current = NewCombo,
+            CreateIcon = () => new Container
+            {
+                Children = new Drawable[]
+                {
+                    new SpriteIcon
+                    {
+                        Anchor = Anchor.BottomLeft,
+                        Origin = Anchor.BottomLeft,
+                        Icon = OsuIcon.EditorFruit,
+                        Size = new Vector2(15),
+                    },
+                    new SpriteIcon
+                    {
+                        Icon = OsuIcon.EditorNewComboSparkles,
+                        Size = new Vector2(20),
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        };
+
         protected override SelectionHandler<HitObject> CreateSelectionHandler() => new CatchSelectionHandler();
 
         public override HitObjectSelectionBlueprint? CreateHitObjectBlueprintFor(HitObject hitObject)

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Edit/Checks/CheckCatchFewHitsounds.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Checks;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Objects;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit.Checks
+{
+    public class CheckCatchFewHitsounds : CheckFewHitsounds
+    {
+        protected override bool IsExcludedFromHitsounding(HitObject hitObject) => hitObject is BananaShower;
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Edit/FruitCompositionTool.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
-using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit.Blueprints;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit
         {
         }
 
-        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new BeatmapStatisticIcon(BeatmapStatisticsIconType.Circles);
+        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new SpriteIcon { Icon = OsuIcon.EditorFruit };
 
         public override HitObjectPlacementBlueprint CreatePlacementBlueprint() => new FruitPlacementBlueprint();
     }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Edit/JuiceStreamCompositionTool.cs

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
-using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit.Blueprints;
-using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Tools;
 
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit
     public class JuiceStreamCompositionTool : CompositionTool
     {
         public JuiceStreamCompositionTool()
-            : base(nameof(JuiceStream))
+            : base("Juice stream")
         {
         }
 
-        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new BeatmapStatisticIcon(BeatmapStatisticsIconType.Sliders);
+        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new SpriteIcon { Icon = OsuIcon.EditorJuiceStream };
 
         public override HitObjectPlacementBlueprint CreatePlacementBlueprint() => new JuiceStreamPlacementBlueprint();
     }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Edit/Setup/CatchDifficultySection.cs

@@ -117,6 +117,15 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Edit.Setup
             Beatmap.Difficulty.CircleSize = circleSizeSlider.Current.Value;
             Beatmap.Difficulty.DrainRate = healthDrainSlider.Current.Value;
             Beatmap.Difficulty.ApproachRate = approachRateSlider.Current.Value;
+            // in lazer catch, Overall Difficulty does *nothing* - as it should be in a sane world.
+            // in stable, it does *one extremely specific thing* which is influence the infamous `difficultyPeppyStars`
+            // which in turn affects score V1 (see `LegacyRulesetExtensions.CalculateDifficultyPeppyStars()`).
+            // there is a Ranking Criteria rule saying that Overall Difficulty and Approach Rate should match:
+            // https://osu.ppy.sh/wiki/en/Ranking_criteria/osu!catch
+            // the one case wherein that breaks stable is on some marathon maps;
+            // on those setting Overall Difficulty too high can lead to score V1 exceeding 32 bits ("score overflow").
+            // that case can be manually handled by mappers.
+            Beatmap.Difficulty.OverallDifficulty = approachRateSlider.Current.Value;
             Beatmap.Difficulty.SliderMultiplier = baseVelocitySlider.Current.Value;
             Beatmap.Difficulty.SliderTickRate = tickRateSlider.Current.Value;
 

osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch/Scoring/CatchScoreMultiplierCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch.Scoring
+{
+    public class CatchScoreMultiplierCalculator : ScoreMultiplierCalculator
+    {
+        public CatchScoreMultiplierCalculator(ScoreMultiplierContext context)
+            : base(context)
+        {
+            #region Difficulty Reduction
+
+            Single<CatchModEasy>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<CatchModNoFail>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<CatchModHalfTime>(hasMultiplier: halfTime => rateAdjustMultiplier(halfTime.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<CatchModDaycore>(hasMultiplier: daycore => rateAdjustMultiplier(daycore.SpeedChange.Value));
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Difficulty Increase
+
+            Single<CatchModHardRock>(hasMultiplier: hardRock => hardRock.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.12 : 1);
+            // Sudden Death
+            // Perfect
+            Single<CatchModDoubleTime>(hasMultiplier: doubleTime => rateAdjustMultiplier(doubleTime.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<CatchModNightcore>(hasMultiplier: nightcore => rateAdjustMultiplier(nightcore.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<CatchModHidden>(hasMultiplier: hidden => hidden.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.06 : 1);
+            Single<CatchModFlashlight>(hasMultiplier: flashlight => flashlight.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.12 : 1);
+            // Accuracy Challenge
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Conversion
+
+            Single<CatchModDifficultyAdjust>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<CatchModClassic>(hasMultiplier: 0.96);
+            // Mirror
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Automation
+
+            // Autoplay
+            // Cinema
+            Single<CatchModRelax>(hasMultiplier: 0.1);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Fun
+
+            Single<ModWindUp>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<ModWindDown>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            // Floating Fruits
+            // Muted
+            // No Scope
+            // Moving Fast
+            Single<CatchModSynesthesia>(hasMultiplier: 0.8);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region System
+
+            // Score V2
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+
+        private static double rateAdjustMultiplier(double speedChange)
+        {
+            // Round to the nearest multiple of 0.1.
+            double value = (int)(speedChange * 10) / 10.0;
+
+            // Offset back to 0.
+            value -= 1;
+
+            if (speedChange >= 1)
+                return 1 + value / 5;
+            else
+                return 0.6 + value;
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests/Editor/TestSceneManiaEditorSaving.cs

@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests.Editor
         [Test]
         public void TestKeyCountChange()
         {
-            FormSliderBar<float> keyCount = null!;
+            FormSliderBar<int> keyCount = null!;
 
             AddStep("go to setup screen", () => InputManager.Key(Key.F4));
-            AddUntilStep("retrieve key count slider", () => keyCount = Editor.ChildrenOfType<SetupScreen>().Single().ChildrenOfType<FormSliderBar<float>>().First(), () => Is.Not.Null);
+            AddUntilStep("retrieve key count slider", () => keyCount = Editor.ChildrenOfType<SetupScreen>().Single().ChildrenOfType<FormSliderBar<int>>().First(), () => Is.Not.Null);
             AddAssert("key count is 5", () => keyCount.Current.Value, () => Is.EqualTo(5));
             AddStep("change key count to 8", () =>
             {
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests.Editor
             });
             AddUntilStep("dialog visible", () => Game.ChildrenOfType<IDialogOverlay>().SingleOrDefault()?.CurrentDialog, Is.InstanceOf<SaveAndReloadEditorDialog>);
             AddStep("refuse", () => InputManager.Key(Key.Number2));
-            AddAssert("key count is 5", () => keyCount.Current.Value, () => Is.EqualTo(5));
+            AddUntilStep("key count is 5", () => keyCount.Current.Value, () => Is.EqualTo(5));
 
             AddStep("change key count to 8 again", () =>
             {
@@ -41,5 +41,32 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests.Editor
             AddStep("acquiesce", () => InputManager.Key(Key.Number1));
             AddUntilStep("beatmap became 8K", () => Game.Beatmap.Value.BeatmapInfo.Difficulty.CircleSize, () => Is.EqualTo(8));
         }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestDualStagesChange()
+        {
+            FormCheckBox dualStages = null!;
+            FormSliderBar<int> keyCount = null!;
+
+            AddStep("go to setup screen", () => InputManager.Key(Key.F4));
+            AddUntilStep("retrieve dual stages checkbox", () => dualStages = Editor.ChildrenOfType<SetupScreen>().Single().ChildrenOfType<FormCheckBox>().First(), () => Is.Not.Null);
+            AddUntilStep("retrieve key count slider", () => keyCount = Editor.ChildrenOfType<SetupScreen>().Single().ChildrenOfType<FormSliderBar<int>>().First(), () => Is.Not.Null);
+            AddAssert("key count is 5", () => keyCount.Current.Value, () => Is.EqualTo(5));
+            AddStep("set dual stages", () =>
+            {
+                dualStages.Current.Value = true;
+            });
+            AddUntilStep("dialog visible", () => Game.ChildrenOfType<IDialogOverlay>().SingleOrDefault()?.CurrentDialog, Is.InstanceOf<SaveAndReloadEditorDialog>);
+            AddStep("refuse", () => InputManager.Key(Key.Number2));
+            AddUntilStep("key count is 5", () => keyCount.Current.Value, () => Is.EqualTo(5));
+
+            AddStep("set dual stages again", () =>
+            {
+                dualStages.Current.Value = true;
+            });
+            AddUntilStep("dialog visible", () => Game.ChildrenOfType<IDialogOverlay>().Single().CurrentDialog, Is.InstanceOf<SaveAndReloadEditorDialog>);
+            AddStep("acquiesce", () => InputManager.Key(Key.Number1));
+            AddUntilStep("beatmap became 12K", () => Game.Beatmap.Value.BeatmapInfo.Difficulty.CircleSize, () => Is.EqualTo(12));
+        }
     }
 }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests/Editor/TestSceneObjectPlacement.cs

@@ -57,6 +57,28 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests.Editor
             AddAssert("time is unchanged", () => EditorClock.CurrentTime, () => Is.EqualTo(initialTime));
         }
 
+        [Test]
+        public void TestNoTwoObjectsAtSameTimeAndColumn()
+        {
+            AddStep("change seek setting to false", () => config.SetValue(OsuSetting.EditorAutoSeekOnPlacement, false));
+            AddStep("clear beatmap", () => EditorBeatmap.Clear());
+
+            AddStep("select note placement tool", () => InputManager.Key(Key.Number2));
+            AddStep("move mouse to centre of last column", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(this.ChildrenOfType<Column>().Last().ScreenSpaceDrawQuad.Centre));
+            AddStep("place note", () => InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Left));
+            AddAssert("beatmap has 1 object", () => EditorBeatmap.HitObjects, () => Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+
+            AddStep("select note placement tool", () => InputManager.Key(Key.Number2));
+            AddStep("move mouse to centre of first column", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(this.ChildrenOfType<Column>().First().ScreenSpaceDrawQuad.Centre));
+            AddStep("place note", () => InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Left));
+            AddAssert("beatmap has 2 objects", () => EditorBeatmap.HitObjects, () => Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+
+            AddStep("select note placement tool", () => InputManager.Key(Key.Number2));
+            AddStep("move mouse to centre of last column", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(this.ChildrenOfType<Column>().Last().ScreenSpaceDrawQuad.Centre));
+            AddStep("place note", () => InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Left));
+            AddAssert("beatmap has 2 objects", () => EditorBeatmap.HitObjects, () => Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+        }
+
         private void placeObject()
         {
             AddStep("select note placement tool", () => InputManager.Key(Key.Number2));

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests/ManiaLegacyBeatmapEncoderTest.cs

@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests
             var decoded = DecodeFromLegacy(beatmaps_resource_store.GetStream($"Resources/Testing/Beatmaps/{name}.osu"), beatmaps_resource_store, name);
             var decodedAfterEncode = DecodeFromLegacy(EncodeToLegacy(decoded), beatmaps_resource_store, name);
 
-            Sort(decoded.beatmap);
-            Sort(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap);
+            Sort(decoded.Beatmap);
+            Sort(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap);
 
             CompareBeatmaps(decoded, decodedAfterEncode);
         }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests/ManiaScoreMultiplierTest.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using System;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using osu.Framework.Utils;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
+using osu.Game.Scoring;
+using osu.Game.Tests.Rulesets;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests
+{
+    public class ManiaScoreMultiplierTest : RulesetScoreMultiplierTest
+    {
+        public ManiaScoreMultiplierTest()
+            : base(new ManiaRuleset())
+        {
+        }
+
+        private static readonly object[][] test_cases =
+        [
+            #region Difficulty Reduction
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModEasy() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNoFail() }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.50 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.55 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.60 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.65 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.70 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.75 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.80 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.85 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.90 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.95 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.99 } } }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.50 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.55 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.60 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.65 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.70 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.75 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.80 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.85 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.90 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.95 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.99 } } }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNoRelease() }, 0.9],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Difficulty Increase
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHardRock() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModSuddenDeath() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModPerfect() }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.01 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.05 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.10 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.15 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.20 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.25 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.30 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.35 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.40 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.45 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.50 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.55 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.60 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.65 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.70 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.75 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.80 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.85 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.90 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.95 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 2.00 } } }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.01 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.05 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.10 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.15 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.20 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.25 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.30 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.35 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.40 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.45 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.50 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.55 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.60 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.65 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.70 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.75 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.80 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.85 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.90 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.95 } } }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 2.00 } } }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModFadeIn() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHidden() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModCover() }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModFlashlight() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModAccuracyChallenge() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Conversion
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModRandom() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDualStages() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModMirror() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModDifficultyAdjust() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModClassic() }, 0.96],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModInvert() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModConstantSpeed() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModHoldOff() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey1() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey2() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey3() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey4() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey5() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey6() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey7() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey8() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey9() }, 0.9],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModKey10() }, 0.9],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Automation
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModAutoplay() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModCinema() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Fun
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindUp() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindDown() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModMuted() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModAdaptiveSpeed() }, 0.5],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region System
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModScoreV2() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Combinations
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ManiaModEasy(), new ManiaModKey4() }, 0.5 * 0.9]
+
+            #endregion
+        ];
+
+        [TestCaseSource(nameof(test_cases))]
+        public void TestMultipliers(Mod[] mods, double expectedMultiplier)
+            => TestModCombination(mods, expectedMultiplier);
+
+        private static readonly object[][] key_mod_multiplier_test_cases =
+        [
+            // score end date, client version, expected multiplier
+
+            // scores verifiably from old clients.
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2024, 1, 31, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2024.130.2", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2024, 12, 9, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2024.1208.0", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 6, 12, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2025.605.3", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 6, 28, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2025.625.0-tachyon", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 7, 11, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2025.710.0-lazer", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 7, 15, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2025.711.0-tachyon", 1],
+
+            // scores without explicit client versions, predating the change of multiplier.
+            // those MUST have used the old multiplier.
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2024, 1, 31, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2024, 12, 9, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 6, 12, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 6, 28, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 7, 11, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 1],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 7, 15, 11, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 1],
+
+            // scores without explicit client versions, AFTER the change of multiplier.
+            // there is NO way of verifying whether these scores use the new or old multiplier, therefore GUESS that it's the new one.
+            // "thankfully" the window of opportunity for this occurring *should* be slim
+            // (from client release with new key mod multipliers on July 18, 2025
+            // until spectator server release which added client version writing to server-side replays on August 1, 2025).
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 7, 19, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 0.9],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 7, 23, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 0.9],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 8, 19, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 0.9],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2026, 6, 18, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 0.9],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2026, 7, 18, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "", 0.9],
+
+            // scores verifiably from new clients.
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 7, 19, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2025.718.0-tachyon", 0.9],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 7, 23, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2025.721.0-tachyon", 0.9],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2025, 8, 19, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2025.816.0-lazer", 0.9],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2026, 6, 18, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2026.518.0-lazer", 0.9],
+            [new DateTimeOffset(2026, 7, 18, 0, 20, 15, 0, TimeSpan.Zero), "2026.522.1-tachyon", 0.9],
+        ];
+
+        [TestCaseSource(nameof(key_mod_multiplier_test_cases))]
+        public void TestKeyModMultiplierCompatibility(DateTimeOffset endDate, string clientVersion, double expectedMultiplier)
+        {
+            var calculator = Ruleset.CreateScoreMultiplierCalculator(new ScoreMultiplierContext(new ScoreInfo
+            {
+                Date = endDate,
+                ClientVersion = clientVersion
+            }));
+            Assert.That(calculator.CalculateFor([new ManiaModKey4()]), Is.EqualTo(expectedMultiplier).Within(Precision.DOUBLE_EPSILON));
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests/Mods/TestSceneManiaModDoubleTime.cs

@@ -8,8 +8,10 @@ using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Replays;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Scoring;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Replays;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
 using osu.Game.Tests.Visual;
 
 namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests.Mods
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Tests.Mods
                 Mod = doubleTime,
                 PassCondition = () => Player.ScoreProcessor.JudgedHits > 0
                                       && Player.ScoreProcessor.Accuracy.Value == 1
-                                      && Player.ScoreProcessor.TotalScore.Value == (long)(1_000_000 * doubleTime.ScoreMultiplier),
+                                      && Player.ScoreProcessor.TotalScore.Value == (long)(1_000_000 * new ManiaScoreMultiplierCalculator(new ScoreMultiplierContext()).CalculateFor([doubleTime])),
                 Autoplay = false,
                 CreateBeatmap = () => new Beatmap
                 {

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Edit/Blueprints/ManiaPlacementBlueprint.cs

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Skinning.Default;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.UI;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects.Types;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.UI.Scrolling;
 using osuTK;
 using osuTK.Input;
@@ -90,5 +92,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit.Blueprints
         private float getNoteHeight(Column resultPlayfield) =>
             resultPlayfield.ToScreenSpace(new Vector2(DefaultNotePiece.NOTE_HEIGHT)).Y -
             resultPlayfield.ToScreenSpace(Vector2.Zero).Y;
+
+        public override bool ReplacesExistingObject(HitObject existing)
+            => base.ReplacesExistingObject(existing) && HitObject.Column == ((IHasColumn)existing).Column;
     }
 }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Edit/HoldNoteCompositionTool.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
-using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Tools;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit.Blueprints;
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit
         {
         }
 
-        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new BeatmapStatisticIcon(BeatmapStatisticsIconType.Sliders);
+        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new SpriteIcon { Icon = OsuIcon.EditorHoldNote };
 
         public override HitObjectPlacementBlueprint CreatePlacementBlueprint() => new HoldNotePlacementBlueprint();
     }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Edit/ManiaBlueprintContainer.cs

@@ -3,11 +3,16 @@
 
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Containers;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
 using osu.Framework.Input.Events;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit.Blueprints;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects;
+using osu.Game.Screens.Edit.Components.TernaryButtons;
 using osu.Game.Screens.Edit.Compose.Components;
 using osuTK;
 
@@ -22,6 +27,29 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit
         {
         }
 
+        protected override Drawable CreateNewComboButton() => new NewComboTernaryButton
+        {
+            Current = NewCombo,
+            CreateIcon = () => new Container
+            {
+                Children = new Drawable[]
+                {
+                    new SpriteIcon
+                    {
+                        Anchor = Anchor.BottomLeft,
+                        Origin = Anchor.BottomLeft,
+                        Icon = OsuIcon.EditorNote,
+                        Size = new Vector2(15),
+                    },
+                    new SpriteIcon
+                    {
+                        Icon = OsuIcon.EditorNewComboSparkles,
+                        Size = new Vector2(20),
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        };
+
         public override HitObjectSelectionBlueprint? CreateHitObjectBlueprintFor(HitObject hitObject)
         {
             switch (hitObject)

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Edit/NoteCompositionTool.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
-using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Tools;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit.Blueprints;
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit
         {
         }
 
-        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new BeatmapStatisticIcon(BeatmapStatisticsIconType.Circles);
+        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new SpriteIcon { Icon = OsuIcon.EditorNote };
 
         public override HitObjectPlacementBlueprint CreatePlacementBlueprint() => new NotePlacementBlueprint();
     }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Edit/Setup/ManiaDifficultySection.cs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ using osu.Framework.Extensions;
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
 using osu.Framework.Localisation;
 using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Game.Beatmaps.Formats;
 using osu.Game.Graphics.UserInterfaceV2;
 using osu.Game.Localisation;
 using osu.Game.Resources.Localisation.Web;
@@ -19,13 +20,22 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit.Setup
     {
         public override LocalisableString Title => EditorSetupStrings.DifficultyHeader;
 
-        private FormSliderBar<float> keyCountSlider { get; set; } = null!;
+        private FormSliderBar<int> keyCountSlider { get; set; } = null!;
+        private FormCheckBox dualStages { get; set; } = null!;
         private FormCheckBox specialStyle { get; set; } = null!;
         private FormSliderBar<float> healthDrainSlider { get; set; } = null!;
         private FormSliderBar<float> overallDifficultySlider { get; set; } = null!;
         private FormSliderBar<double> baseVelocitySlider { get; set; } = null!;
         private FormSliderBar<double> tickRateSlider { get; set; } = null!;
 
+        private readonly BindableInt singleStageKeyCount = new BindableInt
+        {
+            Default = (int)BeatmapDifficulty.DEFAULT_DIFFICULTY,
+            Precision = 1,
+        };
+
+        private readonly BindableInt actualKeyCount = new BindableInt();
+
         [Resolved]
         private Editor? editor { get; set; }
 
@@ -37,20 +47,19 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit.Setup
         {
             Children = new Drawable[]
             {
-                keyCountSlider = new FormSliderBar<float>
+                keyCountSlider = new FormSliderBar<int>
                 {
                     Caption = BeatmapsetsStrings.ShowStatsCsMania,
                     HintText = "The number of columns in the beatmap",
-                    Current = new BindableFloat(Beatmap.Difficulty.CircleSize)
-                    {
-                        Default = BeatmapDifficulty.DEFAULT_DIFFICULTY,
-                        MinValue = 0,
-                        MaxValue = 10,
-                        Precision = 1,
-                    },
+                    Current = singleStageKeyCount,
                     TransferValueOnCommit = true,
                     TabbableContentContainer = this,
                 },
+                dualStages = new FormCheckBox
+                {
+                    Caption = "Dual stages",
+                    HintText = "Doubles the number of keys by adding a second stage."
+                },
                 specialStyle = new FormCheckBox
                 {
                     Caption = "Use special (N+1) style",
@@ -117,16 +126,54 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit.Setup
                 },
             };
 
-            keyCountSlider.Current.BindValueChanged(updateKeyCount);
+            setStateFromActualKeyCount((int)Beatmap.Difficulty.CircleSize);
+
+            keyCountSlider.Current.BindValueChanged(_ => calculateActualKeyCount());
+            dualStages.Current.BindValueChanged(_ =>
+            {
+                updateSingleStageKeyCountBounds();
+                calculateActualKeyCount();
+            });
+            actualKeyCount.BindValueChanged(updateKeyCount);
+
             healthDrainSlider.Current.BindValueChanged(_ => updateValues());
             overallDifficultySlider.Current.BindValueChanged(_ => updateValues());
             baseVelocitySlider.Current.BindValueChanged(_ => updateValues());
             tickRateSlider.Current.BindValueChanged(_ => updateValues());
         }
 
+        private void updateSingleStageKeyCountBounds()
+        {
+            singleStageKeyCount.MinValue = dualStages.Current.Value ? ManiaRuleset.MAX_STAGE_KEYS / 2 + 1 : 1;
+            singleStageKeyCount.MaxValue = dualStages.Current.Value ? LegacyBeatmapDecoder.MAX_MANIA_KEY_COUNT / 2 : ManiaRuleset.MAX_STAGE_KEYS;
+        }
+
+        private void setStateFromActualKeyCount(int keyCount)
+        {
+            actualKeyCount.Value = keyCount;
+
+            if (keyCount > 10)
+            {
+                dualStages.Current.Value = true;
+                singleStageKeyCount.Value = keyCount / 2;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                dualStages.Current.Value = false;
+                singleStageKeyCount.Value = keyCount;
+            }
+
+            updateSingleStageKeyCountBounds();
+        }
+
+        private void calculateActualKeyCount()
+        {
+            actualKeyCount.Value = keyCountSlider.Current.Value * (dualStages.Current.Value ? 2 : 1);
+        }
+
         private bool updatingKeyCount;
 
-        private void updateKeyCount(ValueChangedEvent<float> keyCount)
+        private void updateKeyCount(ValueChangedEvent<int> keyCount)
         {
             if (updatingKeyCount) return;
 
@@ -143,7 +190,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit.Setup
                     Schedule(() =>
                     {
                         changeHandler!.RestoreState(-1);
-                        Beatmap.Difficulty.CircleSize = keyCountSlider.Current.Value = keyCount.OldValue;
+                        Beatmap.Difficulty.CircleSize = keyCount.OldValue;
+                        setStateFromActualKeyCount(keyCount.OldValue);
                         updatingKeyCount = false;
                     });
                 }
@@ -158,7 +206,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Edit.Setup
         {
             // for now, update these on commit rather than making BeatmapMetadata bindables.
             // after switching database engines we can reconsider if switching to bindables is a good direction.
-            Beatmap.Difficulty.CircleSize = keyCountSlider.Current.Value;
+            Beatmap.Difficulty.CircleSize = actualKeyCount.Value;
             Beatmap.SpecialStyle = specialStyle.Current.Value;
             Beatmap.Difficulty.DrainRate = healthDrainSlider.Current.Value;
             Beatmap.Difficulty.OverallDifficulty = overallDifficultySlider.Current.Value;

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/ManiaRuleset.cs

@@ -307,6 +307,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania
             }
         }
 
+        public override ScoreMultiplierCalculator CreateScoreMultiplierCalculator(ScoreMultiplierContext context) => new ManiaScoreMultiplierCalculator(context);
+
         public override string Description => "osu!mania";
 
         public override string ShortName => SHORT_NAME;
@@ -485,6 +487,22 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania
             };
         }
 
+        public override IEnumerable<RulesetBeatmapAttribute> GetBeatmapAttributesForRankedPlayCard(IBeatmapInfo beatmapInfo, IReadOnlyCollection<Mod> mods)
+        {
+            var attributes = GetBeatmapAttributesForDisplay(beatmapInfo, mods).ToList();
+
+            // Key count attribute isn't relevant to ranked play (it's decided by the pool).
+            attributes.RemoveAll(a => a.Acronym == "KC");
+
+            float holdNoteRatio = beatmapInfo.TotalObjectCount == 0 ? 0 : (float)beatmapInfo.EndTimeObjectCount / beatmapInfo.TotalObjectCount;
+            attributes.Insert(0, new RulesetBeatmapAttribute("Hold notes", @"HN", holdNoteRatio, holdNoteRatio, 1)
+            {
+                ValueFormat = "P0"
+            });
+
+            return attributes;
+        }
+
         public override IRulesetFilterCriteria CreateRulesetFilterCriteria()
         {
             return new ManiaFilterCriteria();

osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania/Scoring/ManiaScoreMultiplierCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using System;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
+using osu.Game.Scoring;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Mania.Scoring
+{
+    public class ManiaScoreMultiplierCalculator : ScoreMultiplierCalculator
+    {
+        public ManiaScoreMultiplierCalculator(ScoreMultiplierContext context)
+            : base(context)
+        {
+            #region Difficulty Reduction
+
+            Single<ManiaModEasy>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<ManiaModNoFail>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<ManiaModHalfTime>(hasMultiplier: halfTime => rateAdjustMultiplier(halfTime.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<ManiaModDaycore>(hasMultiplier: daycore => rateAdjustMultiplier(daycore.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<ManiaModNoRelease>(hasMultiplier: 0.9);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Difficulty Increase
+
+            // Hard Rock
+            // Sudden Death
+            // Perfect
+            // Double Time
+            // Nightcore
+            // Fade In
+            // Hidden
+            // Cover
+            // Flashlight
+            // Accuracy Challenge
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Conversion
+
+            // Random
+            // Dual Stages
+            // Mirror
+            Single<ManiaModDifficultyAdjust>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<ManiaModClassic>(hasMultiplier: 0.96);
+            // Invert
+            Single<ManiaModConstantSpeed>(hasMultiplier: 0.9);
+            Single<ManiaModHoldOff>(hasMultiplier: 0.9);
+            Single<ManiaModKey1>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            Single<ManiaModKey2>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            Single<ManiaModKey3>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            Single<ManiaModKey4>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            Single<ManiaModKey5>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            Single<ManiaModKey6>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            Single<ManiaModKey7>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            Single<ManiaModKey8>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            Single<ManiaModKey9>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+            Single<ManiaModKey10>(hasMultiplier: keyModMultiplier(Context.Score));
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Automation
+
+            // Autoplay
+            // Cinema
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Fun
+
+            Single<ModWindUp>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<ModWindDown>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            // Muted
+            Single<ModAdaptiveSpeed>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region System
+
+            // Score V2
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+
+        private static double rateAdjustMultiplier(double speedChange)
+        {
+            // Round to the nearest multiple of 0.1.
+            double value = (int)(speedChange * 10) / 10.0;
+
+            // Offset back to 0.
+            value -= 1;
+
+            if (speedChange >= 1)
+                return 1 + value / 5;
+            else
+                return 0.6 + value;
+        }
+
+        private const double old_key_mod_multiplier = 1;
+        private const double new_key_mod_multiplier = 0.9;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// <para>
+        /// The mod multiplier was changed from 1.0x to 0.9x in https://github.com/ppy/osu/pull/30506
+        /// which was included in the https://osu.ppy.sh/home/changelog/tachyon/2025.718.0 release.
+        /// The replay version was not bumped in the change, meaning that the only usable indicator
+        /// of the mod multiplier changing is the client version.
+        /// </para>
+        /// <para>
+        /// Unfortunately not even the client version is available on server-side recorded replays
+        /// recorded prior to https://github.com/ppy/osu-server-spectator/pull/290,
+        /// which does not appear to have been deployed until August 1
+        /// (https://github.com/ppy/osu-server-spectator/releases/tag/2025.801.0).
+        /// </para>
+        /// </summary>
+        private double keyModMultiplier(ScoreInfo? scoreInfo)
+        {
+            if (scoreInfo == null)
+                return new_key_mod_multiplier;
+
+            string clientVersion = scoreInfo.ClientVersion;
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(clientVersion))
+            {
+                string[] pieces = clientVersion.Split('.');
+
+                if (int.TryParse(pieces[0], out int year) && int.TryParse(pieces[1], out int monthDay))
+                {
+                    if (year < 2025 || (year == 2025 && monthDay < 718))
+                        return old_key_mod_multiplier;
+                }
+
+                return new_key_mod_multiplier;
+            }
+
+            // Client version not available, fallback to doing the best we can with the score's timestamp.
+            if (scoreInfo.Date < new DateTimeOffset(2025, 7, 18, 0, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero))
+                return old_key_mod_multiplier;
+
+            return new_key_mod_multiplier;
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests/Editor/TestSceneObjectObjectSnap.cs

@@ -73,6 +73,12 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests.Editor
 
             AddStep("end slider placement", () => InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Right));
 
+            AddStep("seek to slider end", () =>
+            {
+                var slider = (Slider)EditorBeatmap.HitObjects.Single();
+                EditorClock.Seek(slider.EndTime);
+            });
+
             AddStep("enter circle placement mode", () => InputManager.Key(Key.Number2));
 
             AddStep("move mouse slightly", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(playfield.ScreenSpaceDrawQuad.Centre + new Vector2(playfield.ScreenSpaceDrawQuad.Width * 0.205f, 0)));

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests/Editor/TestSceneSliderDrawing.cs

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests.Editor
         [Test]
         public void TestTouchInputPlaceHitCircleDirectly()
         {
-            AddStep("tap circle", () => tap(this.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().Single(b => b.Button.Label == "HitCircle")));
+            AddStep("tap circle", () => tap(this.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().Single(b => b.Button.Label == "Hit circle")));
 
             AddStep("tap to place circle", () => tap(this.ChildrenOfType<Playfield>().Single()));
             AddAssert("circle placed correctly", () =>
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests.Editor
         [Test]
         public void TestTouchInputPlaceCircleAfterTouchingComposeArea()
         {
-            AddStep("tap circle", () => tap(this.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().Single(b => b.Button.Label == "HitCircle")));
+            AddStep("tap circle", () => tap(this.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().Single(b => b.Button.Label == "Hit circle")));
 
             AddStep("tap playfield", () => tap(this.ChildrenOfType<Playfield>().Single()));
             AddAssert("circle placed", () => EditorBeatmap.HitObjects.Single(h => h.StartTime == EditorClock.CurrentTimeAccurate) is HitCircle);

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests/Editor/TestSceneSliderVelocityAdjust.cs

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ using osu.Framework.Input;
 using osu.Framework.Testing;
 using osu.Framework.Utils;
 using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Game.Graphics.UserInterface;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.UI;
 using osu.Game.Screens.Edit;
@@ -130,5 +133,74 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests.Editor
             AddAssert("slider has correct velocity", () => slider!.Velocity, () => Is.EqualTo(velocityBefore));
             AddAssert("slider has correct duration", () => slider!.Duration, () => Is.EqualTo(durationBefore));
         }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestVelocityToolbox()
+        {
+            ExpandableSlider<double> velocitySlider = null!;
+            ExpandableButton useLastSliderButton = null!;
+
+            AddStep("enter editor", () => Game.ScreenStack.Push(new EditorLoader()));
+            AddUntilStep("wait for editor load", () => editor?.ReadyForUse == true);
+            AddStep("retrieve controls", () =>
+            {
+                var toolbox = this.ChildrenOfType<OsuSliderVelocityToolboxGroup>().Single();
+                velocitySlider = toolbox.ChildrenOfType<ExpandableSlider<double>>().Single();
+                useLastSliderButton = toolbox.ChildrenOfType<ExpandableButton>().Single();
+            });
+
+            AddAssert("velocity slider at 1x", () => velocitySlider.Current.Value, () => Is.EqualTo(1));
+            AddStep("expand right toolbox", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(this.ChildrenOfType<ExpandingToolboxContainer>().Last()));
+            AddUntilStep("wait for expand", () => useLastSliderButton.Expanded.Value, () => Is.True);
+            AddAssert("use last slider button disabled", () => useLastSliderButton.Enabled.Value, () => Is.False);
+
+            AddStep("seek to 5000", () => editorClock.Seek(5000));
+            AddStep("set 2x velocity", () => velocitySlider.Current.Value = 2);
+            placeSlider();
+            AddAssert("placed slider has 2x velocity", () => editorBeatmap.HitObjects.OfType<Slider>().Last().SliderVelocityMultiplier, () => Is.EqualTo(2));
+            AddStep("expand right toolbox", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(this.ChildrenOfType<ExpandingToolboxContainer>().Last()));
+            AddUntilStep("wait for expand", () => useLastSliderButton.Expanded.Value, () => Is.True);
+            AddAssert("use last slider button enabled", () => useLastSliderButton.Enabled.Value, () => Is.True);
+
+            AddStep("seek to 6000", () => editorClock.Seek(6000));
+            placeSlider();
+            AddAssert("placed slider has 2x velocity", () => editorBeatmap.HitObjects.OfType<Slider>().Last().SliderVelocityMultiplier, () => Is.EqualTo(2));
+            AddStep("expand right toolbox", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(this.ChildrenOfType<ExpandingToolboxContainer>().Last()));
+            AddUntilStep("wait for expand", () => useLastSliderButton.Expanded.Value, () => Is.True);
+            AddAssert("use last slider button enabled", () => useLastSliderButton.Enabled.Value, () => Is.True);
+
+            AddStep("seek to 9000", () => editorClock.Seek(9000));
+            AddStep("set 3x velocity", () => velocitySlider.Current.Value = 3);
+            placeSlider();
+            AddAssert("placed slider has 3x velocity", () => editorBeatmap.HitObjects.OfType<Slider>().Last().SliderVelocityMultiplier, () => Is.EqualTo(3));
+            AddStep("expand right toolbox", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(this.ChildrenOfType<ExpandingToolboxContainer>().Last()));
+            AddUntilStep("wait for expand", () => useLastSliderButton.Expanded.Value, () => Is.True);
+            AddAssert("use last slider button enabled", () => useLastSliderButton.Enabled.Value, () => Is.True);
+
+            AddStep("seek to 10000", () => editorClock.Seek(10000));
+            AddStep("set 1x velocity", () => velocitySlider.Current.Value = 1);
+            AddStep("use last slider velocity instead", () => useLastSliderButton.TriggerClick());
+            placeSlider();
+            AddAssert("placed slider has 3x velocity", () => editorBeatmap.HitObjects.OfType<Slider>().Last().SliderVelocityMultiplier, () => Is.EqualTo(3));
+            AddStep("expand right toolbox", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(this.ChildrenOfType<ExpandingToolboxContainer>().Last()));
+            AddUntilStep("wait for expand", () => useLastSliderButton.Expanded.Value, () => Is.True);
+            AddAssert("use last slider button disabled", () => useLastSliderButton.Enabled.Value, () => Is.False);
+
+            AddStep("seek back to 7000", () => editorClock.Seek(7000));
+            placeSlider();
+            AddAssert("placed slider has 2x velocity", () => editorBeatmap.HitObjects.OfType<Slider>().ElementAt(2).SliderVelocityMultiplier, () => Is.EqualTo(2));
+            AddStep("expand right toolbox", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(this.ChildrenOfType<ExpandingToolboxContainer>().Last()));
+            AddUntilStep("wait for expand", () => useLastSliderButton.Expanded.Value, () => Is.True);
+            AddAssert("use last slider button disabled", () => useLastSliderButton.Enabled.Value, () => Is.False);
+
+            void placeSlider()
+            {
+                AddStep("enter slider placement mode", () => InputManager.Key(Key.Number3));
+                AddStep("move mouse to top left", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(editor.ChildrenOfType<Playfield>().First().ScreenSpaceDrawQuad.TopLeft + new Vector2(50)));
+                AddStep("start placement", () => InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Left));
+                AddStep("move mouse to bottom right", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(editor.ChildrenOfType<Playfield>().First().ScreenSpaceDrawQuad.BottomRight - new Vector2(50)));
+                AddStep("end placement", () => InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Right));
+            }
+        }
     }
 }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests/OsuScoreMultiplierTest.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Tests.Rulesets;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests
+{
+    public class OsuScoreMultiplierTest : RulesetScoreMultiplierTest
+    {
+        public OsuScoreMultiplierTest()
+            : base(new OsuRuleset())
+        {
+        }
+
+        private static readonly object[][] test_cases =
+        [
+            #region Difficulty Reduction
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModEasy() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNoFail() }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.50 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.55 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.60 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.65 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.70 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.75 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.80 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.85 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.90 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.95 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.99 } } }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.50 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.55 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.60 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.65 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.70 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.75 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.80 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.85 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.90 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.95 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.99 } } }, 0.5],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Difficulty Increase
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHardRock() }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModSuddenDeath() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModPerfect() }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.01 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.05 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.10 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.15 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.20 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.25 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.30 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.35 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.40 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.45 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.50 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.55 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.60 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.65 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.70 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.75 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.80 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.85 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.90 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.95 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 2.00 } } }, 1.20],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.01 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.05 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.10 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.15 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.20 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.25 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.30 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.35 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.40 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.45 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.50 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.55 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.60 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.65 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.70 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.75 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.80 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.85 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.90 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.95 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 2.00 } } }, 1.20],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHidden() }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHidden { OnlyFadeApproachCircles = { Value = true } } }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModTraceable() }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModFlashlight() }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModFlashlight { ComboBasedSize = { Value = false } } }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModBlinds() }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModStrictTracking() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModAccuracyChallenge() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Conversion
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModTargetPractice() }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDifficultyAdjust() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModClassic() }, 0.96],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModRandom() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModMirror() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModAlternate() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModSingleTap() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Automation
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModAutoplay() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModCinema() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModRelax() }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModAutopilot() }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModSpunOut() }, 0.9],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Fun
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModTransform() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModWiggle() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModSpinIn() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModGrow() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDeflate() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindUp() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindDown() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModBarrelRoll() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModApproachDifferent() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModMuted() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModNoScope() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModMagnetised() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModRepel() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModAdaptiveSpeed() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModFreezeFrame() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModBubbles() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModSynesthesia() }, 0.8],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModDepth() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModBloom() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region System
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModTouchDevice() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModScoreV2() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Combinations
+
+            [new Mod[] { new OsuModHidden(), new OsuModHardRock() }, 1.06 * 1.06],
+
+            #endregion
+        ];
+
+        [TestCaseSource(nameof(test_cases))]
+        public void TestMultipliers(Mod[] mods, double expectedMultiplier)
+            => TestModCombination(mods, expectedMultiplier);
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests/TestSceneLegacyHitPolicy.cs

@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Tests
             {
                 AddStep("export beatmap", () =>
                 {
-                    var beatmapEncoder = new LegacyBeatmapEncoder(playableBeatmap, null);
+                    var beatmapEncoder = new LegacyBeatmapEncoder(playableBeatmap, null, null);
 
                     using (var stream = File.Open(Path.Combine(exportLocation, $"{testCaseName}.osu"), FileMode.Create))
                     {

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Edit/Blueprints/Sliders/SliderPlacementBlueprint.cs

@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit.Blueprints.Sliders
         [Resolved]
         private EditorClock? editorClock { get; set; }
 
+        [Resolved]
+        private OsuSliderVelocityToolboxGroup? sliderVelocityToolbox { get; set; }
+
         private Bindable<bool> limitedDistanceSnap { get; set; } = null!;
 
         private readonly IncrementalBSplineBuilder bSplineBuilder = new IncrementalBSplineBuilder { Degree = 4 };
@@ -111,9 +114,6 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit.Blueprints.Sliders
             }
         }
 
-        [Resolved]
-        private EditorBeatmap editorBeatmap { get; set; } = null!;
-
         public override SnapResult UpdateTimeAndPosition(Vector2 screenSpacePosition, double fallbackTime)
         {
             var result = composer?.TrySnapToNearbyObjects(screenSpacePosition, fallbackTime);
@@ -129,11 +129,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit.Blueprints.Sliders
                 case SliderPlacementState.Initial:
                     BeginPlacement();
 
-                    double? nearestSliderVelocity = (editorBeatmap
-                                                     .HitObjects
-                                                     .LastOrDefault(h => h is Slider && h.GetEndTime() < HitObject.StartTime) as Slider)?.SliderVelocityMultiplier;
-
-                    HitObject.SliderVelocityMultiplier = nearestSliderVelocity ?? 1;
+                    HitObject.SliderVelocityMultiplier = sliderVelocityToolbox?.SliderVelocity.Value ?? 1;
                     HitObject.Position = ToLocalSpace(result.ScreenSpacePosition);
 
                     // Replacing the DifficultyControlPoint above doesn't trigger any kind of invalidation.

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Edit/Checks/CheckOsuFewHitsounds.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Checks;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Objects;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit.Checks
+{
+    public class CheckOsuFewHitsounds : CheckFewHitsounds
+    {
+        protected override bool IsExcludedFromHitsounding(HitObject hitObject) => hitObject is Spinner;
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Edit/FreehandSliderToolboxGroup.cs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit
     public partial class FreehandSliderToolboxGroup : EditorToolboxGroup
     {
         public FreehandSliderToolboxGroup()
-            : base("slider")
+            : base("freehand")
         {
         }
 

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Edit/HitCircleCompositionTool.cs

@@ -7,14 +7,13 @@ using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Tools;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit.Blueprints.HitCircles;
-using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Objects;
 
 namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit
 {
     public class HitCircleCompositionTool : CompositionTool
     {
         public HitCircleCompositionTool()
-            : base(nameof(HitCircle))
+            : base("Hit circle")
         {
         }
 

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Edit/OsuBeatmapVerifier.cs

@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit
     {
         private readonly List<ICheck> checks = new List<ICheck>
         {
+            // Audio
+            new CheckOsuFewHitsounds(),
+
             // Compose
             new CheckOffscreenObjects(),
             new CheckTooShortSpinners(),

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Edit/OsuGridToolboxGroup.cs

@@ -125,13 +125,23 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit
             {
                 startPositionXSlider = new ExpandableSlider<float>
                 {
-                    Current = StartPositionX,
+                    Current = new BindableFloat
+                    {
+                        MinValue = -OsuPlayfield.BASE_SIZE.X / 2,
+                        MaxValue = OsuPlayfield.BASE_SIZE.X / 2,
+                        Precision = 0.1f,
+                    },
                     KeyboardStep = 1,
                     ExpandedLabelText = "X offset",
                 },
                 startPositionYSlider = new ExpandableSlider<float>
                 {
-                    Current = StartPositionY,
+                    Current = new BindableFloat
+                    {
+                        MinValue = -OsuPlayfield.BASE_SIZE.Y / 2,
+                        MaxValue = OsuPlayfield.BASE_SIZE.Y / 2,
+                        Precision = 0.1f,
+                    },
                     KeyboardStep = 1,
                     ExpandedLabelText = "Y offset",
                 },
@@ -186,15 +196,27 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit
             StartPositionX.BindValueChanged(x =>
             {
                 startPositionXSlider.ContractedLabelText = $"X: {x.NewValue:#,0.##}";
+                startPositionXSlider.Current.Value = x.NewValue - OsuPlayfield.BASE_SIZE.X / 2;
                 StartPosition.Value = new Vector2(x.NewValue, StartPosition.Value.Y);
             }, true);
 
             StartPositionY.BindValueChanged(y =>
             {
                 startPositionYSlider.ContractedLabelText = $"Y: {y.NewValue:#,0.##}";
+                startPositionYSlider.Current.Value = y.NewValue - OsuPlayfield.BASE_SIZE.Y / 2;
                 StartPosition.Value = new Vector2(StartPosition.Value.X, y.NewValue);
             }, true);
 
+            startPositionXSlider.Current.BindValueChanged(x =>
+            {
+                StartPositionX.Value = x.NewValue + OsuPlayfield.BASE_SIZE.X / 2;
+            });
+
+            startPositionYSlider.Current.BindValueChanged(y =>
+            {
+                StartPositionY.Value = y.NewValue + OsuPlayfield.BASE_SIZE.Y / 2;
+            });
+
             StartPosition.BindValueChanged(pos =>
             {
                 StartPositionX.Value = pos.NewValue.X;

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Edit/OsuHitObjectComposer.cs

@@ -75,6 +75,9 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit
         [Cached(typeof(IDistanceSnapProvider))]
         public readonly OsuDistanceSnapProvider DistanceSnapProvider = new OsuDistanceSnapProvider();
 
+        [Cached]
+        private readonly OsuSliderVelocityToolboxGroup sliderVelocityToolboxGroup = new OsuSliderVelocityToolboxGroup();
+
         [Cached]
         protected readonly OsuGridToolboxGroup OsuGridToolboxGroup = new OsuGridToolboxGroup();
 
@@ -111,6 +114,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit
 
             RightToolbox.AddRange(new Drawable[]
                 {
+                    sliderVelocityToolboxGroup,
                     OsuGridToolboxGroup,
                     new TransformToolboxGroup
                     {

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Edit/OsuSliderVelocityToolboxGroup.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using System.Linq;
+using osu.Framework.Allocation;
+using osu.Framework.Bindables;
+using osu.Framework.Caching;
+using osu.Framework.Extensions.LocalisationExtensions;
+using osu.Framework.Extensions.ObjectExtensions;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics;
+using osu.Framework.Localisation;
+using osu.Game.Graphics.UserInterface;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Objects;
+using osu.Game.Screens.Edit;
+using osuTK;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit
+{
+    public partial class OsuSliderVelocityToolboxGroup : EditorToolboxGroup
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Whether the last slider's velocity should be used (if available).
+        /// </summary>
+        private bool useLastSliderVelocity;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The slider velocity to be used for new object placements.
+        /// </summary>
+        public IBindable<double> SliderVelocity => sliderVelocity;
+
+        private readonly BindableDouble sliderVelocity = new BindableDouble(1)
+        {
+            Precision = 0.01,
+            MinValue = 0.1,
+            MaxValue = 10,
+        };
+
+        private ExpandableSlider<double> slider = null!;
+        private ExpandableButton useLastSliderButton = null!;
+
+        [Resolved]
+        private EditorBeatmap editorBeatmap { get; set; } = null!;
+
+        [Resolved]
+        private EditorClock editorClock { get; set; } = null!;
+
+        private bool syncingBindables;
+        private double lastClockPosition = double.NegativeInfinity;
+        private readonly Cached<Slider?> sliderVelocitySourceObject = new Cached<Slider?>();
+
+        public OsuSliderVelocityToolboxGroup()
+            : base("velocity")
+        {
+        }
+
+        [BackgroundDependencyLoader]
+        private void load()
+        {
+            Spacing = new Vector2(5);
+            Children = new Drawable[]
+            {
+                slider = new ExpandableSlider<double>
+                {
+                    ExpandedLabelText = "Slider velocity",
+                    Current = new BindableDouble(1)
+                    {
+                        Precision = 0.01,
+                        MinValue = 0.1,
+                        MaxValue = 10,
+                    },
+                    KeyboardStep = 0.1f,
+                },
+                useLastSliderButton = new ExpandableButton
+                {
+                    RelativeSizeAxes = Axes.X,
+                    Action = () =>
+                    {
+                        useLastSliderVelocity = true;
+                        sliderVelocitySourceObject.Invalidate();
+                    },
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        protected override void LoadComplete()
+        {
+            base.LoadComplete();
+
+            // set unconditionally to true initially.
+            // if there is no object available to get the slider velocity from, the code in `Update()` will handle that.
+            useLastSliderVelocity = true;
+
+            sliderVelocity.BindValueChanged(_ => updateSliderFromVelocity(), true);
+            slider.Current.BindValueChanged(_ =>
+            {
+                updateVelocityFromSlider();
+                updateContractedText();
+            });
+            updateContractedText();
+            useLastSliderButton.Expanded.BindValueChanged(_ => sliderVelocitySourceObject.Invalidate());
+
+            editorBeatmap.HitObjectAdded += invalidateSliderVelocitySourceObject;
+            editorBeatmap.HitObjectUpdated += invalidateSliderVelocitySourceObject;
+            editorBeatmap.HitObjectRemoved += invalidateSliderVelocitySourceObject;
+        }
+
+        private void updateContractedText()
+        {
+            slider.ContractedLabelText = LocalisableString.Interpolate($@"SV: {slider.Current.Value.ToLocalisableString("N2")}x");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates the displayed value of this toolbox's slider from a change to <see cref="SliderVelocity"/>
+        /// (which is the source-of-truth used for new object placements).
+        /// This is only relevant when <see cref="useLastSliderVelocity"/> is true,
+        /// in which case this code is responsible for propagating the velocity from <see cref="sliderVelocitySourceObject"/> to the slider.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void updateSliderFromVelocity()
+        {
+            if (syncingBindables)
+                return;
+
+            if (!useLastSliderVelocity)
+                return;
+
+            syncingBindables = true;
+            slider.Current.Value = sliderVelocity.Value;
+            syncingBindables = false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates the value of <see cref="SliderVelocity"/> from a change to the slider's state.
+        /// This change is assumed to be user-provoked, and therefore <see cref="useLastSliderVelocity"/> is switched unconditionally off
+        /// as the presumed intent is to override the velocity from <see cref="sliderVelocitySourceObject"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void updateVelocityFromSlider()
+        {
+            if (syncingBindables)
+                return;
+
+            syncingBindables = true;
+            useLastSliderVelocity = false;
+            sliderVelocity.Value = slider.Current.Value;
+            syncingBindables = false;
+            sliderVelocitySourceObject.Invalidate();
+        }
+
+        private void invalidateSliderVelocitySourceObject(HitObject _) => sliderVelocitySourceObject.Invalidate();
+
+        protected override void Update()
+        {
+            base.Update();
+
+            if (editorClock.CurrentTime != lastClockPosition)
+            {
+                sliderVelocitySourceObject.Invalidate();
+                lastClockPosition = editorClock.CurrentTime;
+            }
+
+            // Three possible causes of invalidation:
+            // - The user seeked the clock, which means a different velocity source object needs to be used.
+            // - Some change to the beatmap was made, which means the previously-used velocity source object may no longer be the most relevant one.
+            // - The user is interacting with the toolbox in a way that requires a visual state update
+            //   (hovered to expand it, clicked the button to use last slider's velocity, or dragged the manual velocity slider).
+            //   This is a procedural one, because `sliderVelocitySourceObject` will have been pointing at the correct object already,
+            //   but to decrease unnecessary work being done every frame, the invalidation is explicitly re-triggered to update the toolbox state.
+            if (!sliderVelocitySourceObject.IsValid)
+            {
+                var lastSlider = getLastSlider();
+                sliderVelocitySourceObject.Value = lastSlider;
+
+                if (lastSlider == null)
+                {
+                    useLastSliderButton.Enabled.Value = false;
+                    useLastSliderButton.ExpandedLabelText = "No sliders to get velocity from";
+                    useLastSliderButton.ContractedLabelText = default;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    useLastSliderButton.Enabled.Value = useLastSliderButton.Expanded.Value && !useLastSliderVelocity;
+                    useLastSliderButton.ExpandedLabelText = useLastSliderVelocity
+                        ? "Using last slider's velocity"
+                        : LocalisableString.Interpolate($@"Use last slider's velocity ({lastSlider.SliderVelocityMultiplier.ToLocalisableString("N2")}x)");
+                    useLastSliderButton.ContractedLabelText = $@"current {lastSlider.SliderVelocityMultiplier.ToLocalisableString("N2")}x";
+                    if (useLastSliderVelocity)
+                        sliderVelocity.Value = lastSlider.SliderVelocityMultiplier;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Slider? getLastSlider()
+        {
+            return editorBeatmap
+                   .HitObjects
+                   .OfType<Slider>()
+                   .LastOrDefault(h => h.StartTime <= editorClock.CurrentTime);
+        }
+
+        protected override void Dispose(bool isDisposing)
+        {
+            if (editorBeatmap.IsNotNull())
+            {
+                editorBeatmap.HitObjectAdded -= invalidateSliderVelocitySourceObject;
+                editorBeatmap.HitObjectUpdated -= invalidateSliderVelocitySourceObject;
+                editorBeatmap.HitObjectRemoved -= invalidateSliderVelocitySourceObject;
+            }
+
+            base.Dispose(isDisposing);
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModBlinds.cs

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ using osuTK.Graphics;
 
 namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
 {
-    public partial class OsuModBlinds : Mod, IApplicableToDrawableRuleset<OsuHitObject>, IApplicableToHealthProcessor
+    public partial class OsuModBlinds : ModBlinds, IApplicableToDrawableRuleset<OsuHitObject>, IApplicableToHealthProcessor
     {
         public override string Name => "Blinds";
         public override LocalisableString Description => "Play with blinds on your screen.";

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Mods/OsuModTraceable.cs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Skinning.Default;
 
 namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods
 {
-    public class OsuModTraceable : ModWithVisibilityAdjustment, IRequiresApproachCircles
+    public class OsuModTraceable : ModTraceable, IRequiresApproachCircles
     {
         public override string Name => "Traceable";
         public override string Acronym => "TC";

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/OsuRuleset.cs

@@ -234,6 +234,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu
             }
         }
 
+        public override ScoreMultiplierCalculator CreateScoreMultiplierCalculator(ScoreMultiplierContext context) => new OsuScoreMultiplierCalculator(context);
+
         public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new SpriteIcon { Icon = OsuIcon.RulesetOsu };
 
         public override DifficultyCalculator CreateDifficultyCalculator(IWorkingBeatmap beatmap) => new OsuDifficultyCalculator(RulesetInfo, beatmap);

osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu/Scoring/OsuScoreMultiplierCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Scoring
+{
+    public class OsuScoreMultiplierCalculator : ScoreMultiplierCalculator
+    {
+        public OsuScoreMultiplierCalculator(ScoreMultiplierContext context)
+            : base(context)
+        {
+            #region Difficulty Reduction
+
+            Single<OsuModEasy>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<OsuModNoFail>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<OsuModHalfTime>(hasMultiplier: halfTime => rateAdjustMultiplier(halfTime.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<OsuModDaycore>(hasMultiplier: daycore => rateAdjustMultiplier(daycore.SpeedChange.Value));
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Difficulty Increase
+
+            Single<OsuModHardRock>(hasMultiplier: hardRock => hardRock.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.06 : 1);
+            // Sudden Death
+            // Perfect
+            Single<OsuModDoubleTime>(hasMultiplier: doubleTime => rateAdjustMultiplier(doubleTime.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<OsuModNightcore>(hasMultiplier: nightcore => rateAdjustMultiplier(nightcore.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<OsuModHidden>(hasMultiplier: hidden => hidden.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.06 : 1);
+            // Traceable
+            Single<OsuModFlashlight>(hasMultiplier: flashlight => flashlight.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.12 : 1);
+            Single<OsuModBlinds>(hasMultiplier: blinds => blinds.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.12 : 1);
+            // Strict Tracking
+            // Accuracy Challenge
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Conversion
+
+            Single<OsuModTargetPractice>(hasMultiplier: 0.1);
+            Single<OsuModDifficultyAdjust>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<OsuModClassic>(hasMultiplier: 0.96);
+            // Random
+            // Mirror
+            // Alternate
+            // Single Tap
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Automation
+
+            // Autoplay
+            // Cinema
+            Single<OsuModRelax>(hasMultiplier: 0.1);
+            Single<OsuModAutopilot>(hasMultiplier: 0.1);
+            Single<OsuModSpunOut>(hasMultiplier: 0.9);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Fun
+
+            // Transform
+            // Wiggle
+            // Spin In
+            // Grow
+            // Deflate
+            Single<ModWindUp>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<ModWindDown>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            // Barrel Roll
+            // Approach Different
+            // Muted
+            // No Scope
+            Single<OsuModMagnetised>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            // Repel
+            Single<ModAdaptiveSpeed>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            // Freeze Frame
+            // Bubbles
+            Single<OsuModSynesthesia>(hasMultiplier: 0.8);
+            // Depth
+            // Bloom
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+
+        private static double rateAdjustMultiplier(double speedChange)
+        {
+            // Round to the nearest multiple of 0.1.
+            double value = (int)(speedChange * 10) / 10.0;
+
+            // Offset back to 0.
+            value -= 1;
+
+            if (speedChange >= 1)
+                return 1 + value / 5;
+            else
+                return 0.6 + value;
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Tests/TaikoScoreMultiplierTest.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Tests.Rulesets;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Tests
+{
+    public class TaikoScoreMultiplierTest : RulesetScoreMultiplierTest
+    {
+        public TaikoScoreMultiplierTest()
+            : base(new TaikoRuleset())
+        {
+        }
+
+        private static readonly object[][] test_cases =
+        [
+            #region Difficulty Reduction
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModEasy() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNoFail() }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.50 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.55 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.60 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.65 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.70 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.75 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.80 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.85 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.90 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.95 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHalfTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.99 } } }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.50 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.55 } } }, 0.1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.60 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.65 } } }, 0.2],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.70 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.75 } } }, 0.3],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.80 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.85 } } }, 0.4],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.90 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.95 } } }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.99 } } }, 0.5],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModSimplifiedRhythm() }, 0.6],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Difficulty Increase
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHardRock() }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModSuddenDeath() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModPerfect() }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.01 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.05 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.10 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.15 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.20 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.25 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.30 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.35 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.40 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.45 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.50 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.55 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.60 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.65 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.70 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.75 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.80 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.85 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.90 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.95 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDoubleTime { SpeedChange = { Value = 2.00 } } }, 1.20],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.01 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.05 } } }, 1.00],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.10 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.15 } } }, 1.02],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.20 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.25 } } }, 1.04],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.30 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.35 } } }, 1.06],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.40 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.45 } } }, 1.08],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.50 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.55 } } }, 1.10],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.60 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.65 } } }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.70 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.75 } } }, 1.14],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.80 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.85 } } }, 1.16],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.90 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 1.95 } } }, 1.18],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModNightcore { SpeedChange = { Value = 2.00 } } }, 1.20],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHidden() }, 1.06],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModFlashlight() }, 1.12],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModFlashlight { ComboBasedSize = { Value = false } } }, 1],
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ModAccuracyChallenge() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Conversion
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModRandom() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModDifficultyAdjust() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModClassic() }, 0.96],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModSwap() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModSingleTap() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModConstantSpeed() }, 0.9],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Automation
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModAutoplay() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModCinema() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModRelax() }, 0.1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Fun
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindUp() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModWindDown() }, 0.5],
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModMuted() }, 1],
+            [new Mod[] { new ModAdaptiveSpeed() }, 0.5],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region System
+
+            [new Mod[] { new ModScoreV2() }, 1],
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Combinations
+
+            [new Mod[] { new TaikoModHidden(), new TaikoModHardRock() }, 1.06 * 1.06]
+
+            #endregion
+        ];
+
+        [TestCaseSource(nameof(test_cases))]
+        public void TestMultipliers(Mod[] mods, double expectedMultiplier)
+            => TestModCombination(mods, expectedMultiplier);
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Tests/TestSceneTaikoPlayerScroller.cs

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Tests
                 currentStoryboard = new Storyboard();
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
-                    currentStoryboard.GetLayer("Foreground").Add(new StoryboardSprite($"test{i}", Anchor.Centre, Vector2.Zero));
+                    currentStoryboard.GetLayer("Foreground").Add(new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, $"test{i}", Anchor.Centre, Vector2.Zero));
             });
 
             CreateTest();
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Tests
                 currentStoryboard = new Storyboard();
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
-                    currentStoryboard.GetLayer("Overlay").Add(new StoryboardSprite($"test{i}", Anchor.Centre, Vector2.Zero));
+                    currentStoryboard.GetLayer("Overlay").Add(new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, $"test{i}", Anchor.Centre, Vector2.Zero));
             });
 
             CreateTest();

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Configuration/TaikoRulesetConfigManager.cs

@@ -18,11 +18,13 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Configuration
             base.InitialiseDefaults();
 
             SetDefault(TaikoRulesetSetting.TouchControlScheme, TaikoTouchControlScheme.KDDK);
+            SetDefault(TaikoRulesetSetting.RateAdjustedHitAnimation, true);
         }
     }
 
     public enum TaikoRulesetSetting
     {
-        TouchControlScheme
+        TouchControlScheme,
+        RateAdjustedHitAnimation,
     }
 }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Edit/DrumRollCompositionTool.cs

@@ -2,22 +2,22 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
-using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Tools;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Edit.Blueprints;
-using osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Objects;
 
 namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Edit
 {
     public class DrumRollCompositionTool : CompositionTool
     {
         public DrumRollCompositionTool()
-            : base(nameof(DrumRoll))
+            : base("Drum roll")
         {
         }
 
-        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new BeatmapStatisticIcon(BeatmapStatisticsIconType.Sliders);
+        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new SpriteIcon { Icon = OsuIcon.EditorDrumRoll };
 
         public override HitObjectPlacementBlueprint CreatePlacementBlueprint() => new DrumRollPlacementBlueprint();
     }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Edit/HitCompositionTool.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
-using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Tools;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Edit.Blueprints;
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Edit
         {
         }
 
-        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new BeatmapStatisticIcon(BeatmapStatisticsIconType.Circles);
+        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new SpriteIcon { Icon = OsuIcon.EditorHit };
 
         public override HitObjectPlacementBlueprint CreatePlacementBlueprint() => new HitPlacementBlueprint();
     }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Edit/SwellCompositionTool.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 // See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
 
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
-using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Tools;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Edit.Blueprints;
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Edit
         {
         }
 
-        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new BeatmapStatisticIcon(BeatmapStatisticsIconType.Spinners);
+        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new SpriteIcon { Icon = OsuIcon.EditorSwell };
 
         public override HitObjectPlacementBlueprint CreatePlacementBlueprint() => new SwellPlacementBlueprint();
     }

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Edit/TaikoBlueprintContainer.cs

@@ -3,10 +3,15 @@
 
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Containers;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
 using osu.Framework.Input.Events;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Edit.Blueprints;
+using osu.Game.Screens.Edit.Components.TernaryButtons;
 using osu.Game.Screens.Edit.Compose.Components;
 using osuTK;
 
@@ -21,6 +26,29 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Edit
         {
         }
 
+        protected override Drawable CreateNewComboButton() => new NewComboTernaryButton
+        {
+            Current = NewCombo,
+            CreateIcon = () => new Container
+            {
+                Children = new Drawable[]
+                {
+                    new SpriteIcon
+                    {
+                        Anchor = Anchor.BottomLeft,
+                        Origin = Anchor.BottomLeft,
+                        Icon = OsuIcon.EditorHit,
+                        Size = new Vector2(15),
+                    },
+                    new SpriteIcon
+                    {
+                        Icon = OsuIcon.EditorNewComboSparkles,
+                        Size = new Vector2(20),
+                    }
+                },
+            },
+        };
+
         protected override SelectionHandler<HitObject> CreateSelectionHandler() => new TaikoSelectionHandler();
 
         public override HitObjectSelectionBlueprint CreateHitObjectBlueprintFor(HitObject hitObject) =>

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Objects/Drawables/DrawableHit.cs

@@ -7,12 +7,15 @@ using System;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Linq;
 using JetBrains.Annotations;
+using osu.Framework.Allocation;
 using osu.Framework.Bindables;
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
 using osu.Framework.Input.Events;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects.Drawables;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Configuration;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Skinning.Default;
+using osu.Game.Screens.Play;
 using osu.Game.Skinning;
 using osuTK;
 
@@ -34,12 +37,15 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Objects.Drawables
             private set;
         }
 
-        private bool validActionPressed;
-
-        private double? lastPressHandleTime;
+        [Resolved(CanBeNull = true)]
+        private TaikoRulesetConfigManager taikoConfig { get; set; }
 
+        private readonly Bindable<bool> rateAdjustedHitAnimations = new Bindable<bool>(true);
         private readonly Bindable<HitType> type = new Bindable<HitType>();
 
+        private bool validActionPressed;
+        private double? lastPressHandleTime;
+
         public DrawableHit()
             : this(null)
         {
@@ -51,6 +57,12 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Objects.Drawables
             FillMode = FillMode.Fit;
         }
 
+        [BackgroundDependencyLoader]
+        private void load()
+        {
+            taikoConfig?.BindWith(TaikoRulesetSetting.RateAdjustedHitAnimation, rateAdjustedHitAnimations);
+        }
+
         protected override void OnApply()
         {
             type.BindTo(HitObject.TypeBindable);
@@ -168,11 +180,15 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Objects.Drawables
                     if (SnapJudgementLocation)
                         MainPiece.MoveToX(-X);
 
-                    this.ScaleTo(0.8f, gravity_time * 2, Easing.OutQuad);
+                    // Rate independent to match stable.
+                    double rate = Math.Abs((Clock as IGameplayClock)?.GetTrueGameplayRate() ?? Clock.Rate);
+                    double length = gravity_time * (rateAdjustedHitAnimations.Value ? 1 : rate);
 
-                    this.MoveToY(-gravity_travel_height, gravity_time, Easing.Out)
+                    this.ScaleTo(0.8f, length * 2, Easing.OutQuad);
+
+                    this.MoveToY(-gravity_travel_height, length, Easing.Out)
                         .Then()
-                        .MoveToY(gravity_travel_height * 2, gravity_time * 2, Easing.In);
+                        .MoveToY(gravity_travel_height * 2, length * 2, Easing.In);
 
                     this.FadeOut(800);
                     break;

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/Scoring/TaikoScoreMultiplierCalculator.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Mods;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko.Scoring
+{
+    public class TaikoScoreMultiplierCalculator : ScoreMultiplierCalculator
+    {
+        public TaikoScoreMultiplierCalculator(ScoreMultiplierContext context)
+            : base(context)
+        {
+            #region Difficulty Reduction
+
+            Single<TaikoModEasy>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<TaikoModNoFail>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<TaikoModHalfTime>(hasMultiplier: halfTime => rateAdjustMultiplier(halfTime.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<TaikoModDaycore>(hasMultiplier: daycore => rateAdjustMultiplier(daycore.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<TaikoModSimplifiedRhythm>(hasMultiplier: 0.6);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Difficulty Increase
+
+            Single<TaikoModHardRock>(hasMultiplier: hardRock => hardRock.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.06 : 1);
+            // Sudden Death
+            // Perfect
+            Single<TaikoModDoubleTime>(hasMultiplier: doubleTime => rateAdjustMultiplier(doubleTime.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<TaikoModNightcore>(hasMultiplier: nightcore => rateAdjustMultiplier(nightcore.SpeedChange.Value));
+            Single<TaikoModHidden>(hasMultiplier: hidden => hidden.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.06 : 1);
+            Single<TaikoModFlashlight>(hasMultiplier: flashlight => flashlight.UsesDefaultConfiguration ? 1.12 : 1);
+            // Accuracy Challenge
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Conversion
+
+            // Random
+            Single<TaikoModDifficultyAdjust>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<TaikoModClassic>(hasMultiplier: 0.96);
+            // Swap
+            // Single Tap
+            Single<TaikoModConstantSpeed>(hasMultiplier: 0.9);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Automation
+
+            // Autoplay
+            // Cinema
+            Single<TaikoModRelax>(hasMultiplier: 0.1);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Fun
+
+            Single<ModWindUp>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            Single<ModWindDown>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+            // Muted
+            Single<ModAdaptiveSpeed>(hasMultiplier: 0.5);
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region System
+
+            // Score V2
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+
+        private static double rateAdjustMultiplier(double speedChange)
+        {
+            // Round to the nearest multiple of 0.1.
+            double value = (int)(speedChange * 10) / 10.0;
+
+            // Offset back to 0.
+            value -= 1;
+
+            if (speedChange >= 1)
+                return 1 + value / 5;
+            else
+                return 0.6 + value;
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/TaikoRuleset.cs

@@ -188,6 +188,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko
             }
         }
 
+        public override ScoreMultiplierCalculator CreateScoreMultiplierCalculator(ScoreMultiplierContext context) => new TaikoScoreMultiplierCalculator(context);
+
         public override string Description => "osu!taiko";
 
         public override string ShortName => SHORT_NAME;

osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko/TaikoSettingsSubsection.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 using osu.Framework.Allocation;
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.UserInterface;
 using osu.Framework.Localisation;
 using osu.Game.Graphics.UserInterfaceV2;
 using osu.Game.Localisation;
@@ -31,7 +32,16 @@ namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Taiko
                 {
                     Caption = RulesetSettingsStrings.TouchControlScheme,
                     Current = config.GetBindable<TaikoTouchControlScheme>(TaikoRulesetSetting.TouchControlScheme)
+                }),
+                new SettingsItemV2(new FormCheckBox
+                {
+                    Caption = RulesetSettingsStrings.RateAdjustedHitAnimation,
+                    HintText = RulesetSettingsStrings.RateAdjustedHitAnimationTooltip,
+                    Current = config.GetBindable<bool>(TaikoRulesetSetting.RateAdjustedHitAnimation)
                 })
+                {
+                    ApplyClassicDefault = c => ((IHasCurrentValue<bool>)c).Current.Value = false,
+                }
             };
         }
     }

osu.Game.Tests/Beatmaps/Formats/LegacyBeatmapEncoderTest.cs

@@ -41,14 +41,14 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
 
         private static IEnumerable<string> allBeatmaps = beatmaps_resource_store.GetAvailableResources().Where(res => res.EndsWith(".osu", StringComparison.Ordinal));
 
+        public record BeatmapComponents(IBeatmap Beatmap, LegacySkin Skin, Storyboard Storyboard);
+
         [Test]
-        public void TestUnsupportedStoryboardEvents()
+        public void TestStoryboardEvents()
         {
             const string name = "Resources/storyboard_only_video.osu";
 
             var decoded = DecodeFromLegacy(beatmaps_resource_store.GetStream(name), beatmaps_resource_store, name);
-            Assert.That(decoded.beatmap.UnhandledEventLines.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));
-            Assert.That(decoded.beatmap.UnhandledEventLines.Single(), Is.EqualTo("Video,0,\"video.avi\""));
 
             var memoryStream = EncodeToLegacy(decoded);
 
@@ -63,8 +63,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
             var decoded = DecodeFromLegacy(beatmaps_resource_store.GetStream(name), beatmaps_resource_store, name);
             var decodedAfterEncode = DecodeFromLegacy(EncodeToLegacy(decoded), beatmaps_resource_store, name);
 
-            Sort(decoded.beatmap);
-            Sort(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap);
+            Sort(decoded.Beatmap);
+            Sort(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap);
 
             CompareBeatmaps(decoded, decodedAfterEncode);
         }
@@ -76,10 +76,10 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
             var decodedAfterEncode = DecodeFromLegacy(EncodeToLegacy(decoded), beatmaps_resource_store, name);
 
             // run an extra convert. this is expected to be stable.
-            decodedAfterEncode.beatmap = convert(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap);
+            decodedAfterEncode = decodedAfterEncode with { Beatmap = convert(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap) };
 
-            Sort(decoded.beatmap);
-            Sort(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap);
+            Sort(decoded.Beatmap);
+            Sort(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap);
 
             CompareBeatmaps(decoded, decodedAfterEncode);
         }
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
 
             // we are testing that the transfer of relevant data to hitobjects (from legacy control points) sticks through encode/decode.
             // before the encode step, the legacy information is removed here.
-            decoded.beatmap.ControlPointInfo = removeLegacyControlPointTypes(decoded.beatmap.ControlPointInfo);
+            decoded.Beatmap.ControlPointInfo = removeLegacyControlPointTypes(decoded.Beatmap.ControlPointInfo);
 
             var decodedAfterEncode = DecodeFromLegacy(EncodeToLegacy(decoded), beatmaps_resource_store, name);
 
@@ -120,17 +120,21 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
             }
         }
 
-        public static void CompareBeatmaps((IBeatmap beatmap, TestLegacySkin skin) expected, (IBeatmap beatmap, TestLegacySkin skin) actual)
+        public static void CompareBeatmaps(BeatmapComponents expected, BeatmapComponents actual)
         {
             // Check all control points that are still considered to be at a global level.
-            Assert.That(actual.beatmap.ControlPointInfo.TimingPoints.Serialize(), Is.EqualTo(expected.beatmap.ControlPointInfo.TimingPoints.Serialize()));
-            Assert.That(actual.beatmap.ControlPointInfo.EffectPoints.Serialize(), Is.EqualTo(expected.beatmap.ControlPointInfo.EffectPoints.Serialize()));
+            Assert.That(actual.Beatmap.ControlPointInfo.TimingPoints.Serialize(), Is.EqualTo(expected.Beatmap.ControlPointInfo.TimingPoints.Serialize()));
+            Assert.That(actual.Beatmap.ControlPointInfo.EffectPoints.Serialize(), Is.EqualTo(expected.Beatmap.ControlPointInfo.EffectPoints.Serialize()));
 
             // Check all hitobjects.
-            Assert.That(actual.beatmap.HitObjects.Serialize(), Is.EqualTo(expected.beatmap.HitObjects.Serialize()));
+            Assert.That(actual.Beatmap.HitObjects.Serialize(), Is.EqualTo(expected.Beatmap.HitObjects.Serialize()));
 
             // Check skin.
-            ClassicAssert.True(areComboColoursEqual(expected.skin.Configuration, actual.skin.Configuration));
+            ClassicAssert.True(areComboColoursEqual(expected.Skin.Configuration, actual.Skin.Configuration));
+
+            // Do a rough pass on storyboard layers.
+            foreach (string layer in actual.Storyboard.Layers.Concat(expected.Storyboard.Layers).Select(l => l.Name).Distinct())
+                Assert.That(actual.Storyboard.GetLayer(layer).Elements.Count, Is.EqualTo(expected.Storyboard.GetLayer(layer).Elements.Count));
         }
 
         [Test]
@@ -153,9 +157,9 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
                 }
             };
 
-            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy((beatmap, new TestLegacySkin(beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty)));
+            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy(new BeatmapComponents(beatmap, new TestLegacySkin(beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty), new Storyboard()));
             var decodedAfterEncode = DecodeFromLegacy(encoded, beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty);
-            var decodedSlider = (Slider)decodedAfterEncode.beatmap.HitObjects[0];
+            var decodedSlider = (Slider)decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.HitObjects[0];
             Assert.That(decodedSlider.Path.ControlPoints.Count, Is.EqualTo(4));
             Assert.That(decodedSlider.Path.ControlPoints[0].Type, Is.EqualTo(PathType.BSpline(3)));
             Assert.That(decodedSlider.Path.ControlPoints[2].Type, Is.EqualTo(PathType.BSpline(3)));
@@ -183,9 +187,9 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
                 }
             };
 
-            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy((beatmap, new TestLegacySkin(beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty)));
+            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy(new BeatmapComponents(beatmap, new TestLegacySkin(beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty), new Storyboard()));
             var decodedAfterEncode = DecodeFromLegacy(encoded, beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty);
-            var decodedSlider = (Slider)decodedAfterEncode.beatmap.HitObjects[0];
+            var decodedSlider = (Slider)decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.HitObjects[0];
             Assert.That(decodedSlider.Path.ControlPoints.Count, Is.EqualTo(5));
         }
 
@@ -211,9 +215,9 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
                 }
             };
 
-            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy((new Beatmap(), beatmapSkin));
+            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy(new BeatmapComponents(new Beatmap(), beatmapSkin, new Storyboard()));
             var decodedAfterEncode = DecodeFromLegacy(encoded, beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty);
-            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.skin.Configuration.CustomComboColours, Has.Count.EqualTo(8));
+            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Skin.Configuration.CustomComboColours, Has.Count.EqualTo(8));
         }
 
         [Test]
@@ -234,9 +238,9 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
                 HitObjects = { originalSlider }
             };
 
-            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy((beatmap, new TestLegacySkin(beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty)));
+            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy(new BeatmapComponents(beatmap, new TestLegacySkin(beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty), new Storyboard()));
             var decodedAfterEncode = DecodeFromLegacy(encoded, beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty, version: LegacyBeatmapEncoder.FIRST_LAZER_VERSION);
-            var decodedSlider = (Slider)decodedAfterEncode.beatmap.HitObjects[0];
+            var decodedSlider = (Slider)decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.HitObjects[0];
             Assert.That(decodedSlider.Path.ControlPoints.Select(p => p.Position),
                 Is.EquivalentTo(originalSlider.Path.ControlPoints.Select(p => p.Position)));
         }
@@ -254,17 +258,17 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
                 }
             };
 
-            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy((beatmap, new TestLegacySkin(beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty)));
+            var encoded = EncodeToLegacy(new BeatmapComponents(beatmap, new TestLegacySkin(beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty), new Storyboard()));
             var decodedAfterEncode = DecodeFromLegacy(encoded, beatmaps_resource_store, string.Empty);
 
-            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap.HitObjects[0].Samples[0].Suffix, Is.Null);
-            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap.HitObjects[0].Samples[0].UseBeatmapSamples, Is.False);
+            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.HitObjects[0].Samples[0].Suffix, Is.Null);
+            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.HitObjects[0].Samples[0].UseBeatmapSamples, Is.False);
 
-            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap.HitObjects[1].Samples[0].Suffix, Is.Null);
-            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap.HitObjects[1].Samples[0].UseBeatmapSamples, Is.True);
+            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.HitObjects[1].Samples[0].Suffix, Is.Null);
+            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.HitObjects[1].Samples[0].UseBeatmapSamples, Is.True);
 
-            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap.HitObjects[2].Samples[0].Suffix, Is.EqualTo("3"));
-            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.beatmap.HitObjects[2].Samples[0].UseBeatmapSamples, Is.True);
+            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.HitObjects[2].Samples[0].Suffix, Is.EqualTo("3"));
+            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.HitObjects[2].Samples[0].UseBeatmapSamples, Is.True);
         }
 
         private static bool areComboColoursEqual(IHasComboColours a, IHasComboColours b)
@@ -289,7 +293,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
             }
         }
 
-        public static (IBeatmap beatmap, TestLegacySkin skin) DecodeFromLegacy(Stream stream, IResourceStore<byte[]> beatmapsResourceStore, string name, int version = LegacyDecoder<Beatmap>.LATEST_VERSION)
+        public static BeatmapComponents DecodeFromLegacy(Stream stream, IResourceStore<byte[]> beatmapsResourceStore, string name, int version = LegacyDecoder<Beatmap>.LATEST_VERSION)
         {
             using (var reader = new LineBufferedReader(stream))
             {
@@ -297,7 +301,9 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
                 var beatmapSkin = new TestLegacySkin(beatmapsResourceStore, name);
                 stream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
                 beatmapSkin.Configuration = new LegacySkinDecoder().Decode(reader);
-                return (convert(beatmap), beatmapSkin);
+                stream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+                var storyboard = new LegacyStoryboardDecoder().Decode(reader);
+                return new BeatmapComponents(convert(beatmap), beatmapSkin, storyboard);
             }
         }
 
@@ -309,13 +315,13 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
             }
         }
 
-        public static MemoryStream EncodeToLegacy((IBeatmap beatmap, ISkin skin) fullBeatmap)
+        public static MemoryStream EncodeToLegacy(BeatmapComponents fullBeatmap)
         {
-            var (beatmap, beatmapSkin) = fullBeatmap;
+            var (beatmap, beatmapSkin, storyboard) = fullBeatmap;
             var stream = new MemoryStream();
 
             using (var writer = new StreamWriter(stream, Encoding.UTF8, 1024, true))
-                new LegacyBeatmapEncoder(beatmap, beatmapSkin).Encode(writer);
+                new LegacyBeatmapEncoder(beatmap, beatmapSkin, storyboard).Encode(writer);
 
             stream.Position = 0;
 

osu.Game.Tests/Beatmaps/Formats/LegacyStoryboardEncoderTest.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics;
+using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Game.Beatmaps.Formats;
+using osu.Game.IO;
+using osu.Game.Storyboards;
+using osuTK;
+using osuTK.Graphics;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.Formats
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class LegacyStoryboardEncoderTest
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void TestBackground()
+        {
+            var initial = createComponents();
+            initial.Beatmap.BeatmapInfo.Metadata.BackgroundFile = "bg.jpg";
+
+            var encoded = encode(initial);
+            var decodedAfterEncode = decode(encoded);
+
+            Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.BeatmapInfo.Metadata.BackgroundFile, Is.EqualTo("bg.jpg"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestBackgroundOffset()
+        {
+            var initial = createComponents();
+            initial.Beatmap.BeatmapInfo.Metadata.BackgroundFile = "bg_offset.jpg";
+            initial.Storyboard.BackgroundOffset = new Vector2(0, 45);
+
+            var encoded = encode(initial);
+            var decodedAfterEncode = decode(encoded);
+
+            Assert.Multiple(() =>
+            {
+                Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Beatmap.BeatmapInfo.Metadata.BackgroundFile, Is.EqualTo("bg_offset.jpg"));
+                Assert.That(decodedAfterEncode.Storyboard.BackgroundOffset, Is.EqualTo(new Vector2(0, 45)));
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestVideos()
+        {
+            var initial = createComponents();
+
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Video").Add(new StoryboardVideo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "video1.avi", 0));
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Video").Add(new StoryboardVideo(StoryboardElementSource.Shared, "video2.mp4", 1234));
+
+            var encoded = encode(initial);
+            var decodedAfterEncode = decode(encoded);
+
+            Assert.Multiple(() =>
+            {
+                var videoLayer = decodedAfterEncode.Storyboard.GetLayer("Video");
+                Assert.That(videoLayer.Elements, Has.Count.EqualTo(2));
+
+                Assert.That(videoLayer.Elements[0].Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap));
+                Assert.That(videoLayer.Elements[0].Path, Is.EqualTo("video1.avi"));
+                Assert.That(videoLayer.Elements[0].StartTime, Is.EqualTo(0));
+
+                Assert.That(videoLayer.Elements[1].Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Shared));
+                Assert.That(videoLayer.Elements[1].Path, Is.EqualTo("video2.mp4"));
+                Assert.That(videoLayer.Elements[1].StartTime, Is.EqualTo(1234));
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestVideoWithCommands()
+        {
+            var initial = createComponents();
+
+            var video = new StoryboardVideo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "video1.avi", 0);
+            video.Commands.AddScale(Easing.None, 0, 0, 0.7f, 0.7f);
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Video").Add(video);
+
+            var encoded = encode(initial);
+            var decodedAfterEncode = decode(encoded);
+
+            Assert.Multiple(() =>
+            {
+                var decodedVideo = (StoryboardVideo)decodedAfterEncode.Storyboard.GetLayer("Video").Elements.Single();
+
+                Assert.That(decodedVideo.Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap));
+                Assert.That(decodedVideo.Path, Is.EqualTo("video1.avi"));
+                Assert.That(decodedVideo.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(0));
+
+                Assert.That(decodedVideo.Commands.Scale, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+                var scaleCommand = (decodedVideo.Commands.Scale.Single());
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.None));
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(0));
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(0));
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(0.7f));
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(0.7f));
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestSpritesAndAnimations()
+        {
+            var initial = createComponents();
+
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Add(new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "1.png", Anchor.TopLeft, new Vector2()));
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Fail").Add(new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Shared, "2.png", Anchor.Centre, new Vector2(-3)));
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Pass").Add(new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Shared, "3.png", Anchor.BottomRight, new Vector2(30, -30)));
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Foreground").Add(new StoryboardAnimation(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "anim1", Anchor.CentreLeft, new Vector2(30), frameCount: 10, frameDelay: 30, AnimationLoopType.LoopForever));
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Overlay").Add(new StoryboardAnimation(StoryboardElementSource.Shared, "anim2", Anchor.CentreRight, new Vector2(30), frameCount: 4, frameDelay: 100, AnimationLoopType.LoopOnce));
+
+            var encoded = encode(initial);
+            var decodedAfterEncode = decode(encoded);
+
+            var sb = decodedAfterEncode.Storyboard;
+
+            Assert.Multiple(() =>
+            {
+                var backgroundSprite = (StoryboardSprite)sb.GetLayer("Background").Elements.Single();
+                Assert.That(backgroundSprite.Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap));
+                Assert.That(backgroundSprite.Path, Is.EqualTo("1.png"));
+                Assert.That(backgroundSprite.Origin, Is.EqualTo(Anchor.TopLeft));
+                Assert.That(backgroundSprite.InitialPosition, Is.EqualTo(new Vector2()));
+
+                var failSprite = (StoryboardSprite)sb.GetLayer("Fail").Elements.Single();
+                Assert.That(failSprite.Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Shared));
+                Assert.That(failSprite.Path, Is.EqualTo("2.png"));
+                Assert.That(failSprite.Origin, Is.EqualTo(Anchor.Centre));
+                Assert.That(failSprite.InitialPosition, Is.EqualTo(new Vector2(-3)));
+
+                var passSprite = (StoryboardSprite)sb.GetLayer("Pass").Elements.Single();
+                Assert.That(passSprite.Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Shared));
+                Assert.That(passSprite.Path, Is.EqualTo("3.png"));
+                Assert.That(passSprite.Origin, Is.EqualTo(Anchor.BottomRight));
+                Assert.That(passSprite.InitialPosition, Is.EqualTo(new Vector2(30, -30)));
+
+                var foregroundAnimation = (StoryboardAnimation)sb.GetLayer("Foreground").Elements.Single();
+                Assert.That(foregroundAnimation.Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap));
+                Assert.That(foregroundAnimation.Path, Is.EqualTo("anim1"));
+                Assert.That(foregroundAnimation.Origin, Is.EqualTo(Anchor.CentreLeft));
+                Assert.That(foregroundAnimation.InitialPosition, Is.EqualTo(new Vector2(30)));
+                Assert.That(foregroundAnimation.FrameCount, Is.EqualTo(10));
+                Assert.That(foregroundAnimation.FrameDelay, Is.EqualTo(30));
+                Assert.That(foregroundAnimation.LoopType, Is.EqualTo(AnimationLoopType.LoopForever));
+
+                var overlayAnimation = (StoryboardAnimation)sb.GetLayer("Overlay").Elements.Single();
+                Assert.That(overlayAnimation.Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Shared));
+                Assert.That(overlayAnimation.Path, Is.EqualTo("anim2"));
+                Assert.That(overlayAnimation.Origin, Is.EqualTo(Anchor.CentreRight));
+                Assert.That(overlayAnimation.InitialPosition, Is.EqualTo(new Vector2(30)));
+                Assert.That(overlayAnimation.FrameCount, Is.EqualTo(4));
+                Assert.That(overlayAnimation.FrameDelay, Is.EqualTo(100));
+                Assert.That(overlayAnimation.LoopType, Is.EqualTo(AnimationLoopType.LoopOnce));
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestCommands()
+        {
+            var initial = createComponents();
+
+            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "test.jpg", Anchor.Centre, new Vector2(300));
+            sprite.Commands.AddAlpha(Easing.InBack, 100, 200, 0, 1);
+            sprite.Commands.AddBlendingParameters(Easing.None, 300, 300, BlendingParameters.Additive, BlendingParameters.Additive);
+            sprite.Commands.AddColour(Easing.InCubic, 400, 500, Color4.White, Color4.Aquamarine);
+            sprite.Commands.AddFlipH(Easing.InOutQuad, 600, 600, true, true);
+            sprite.Commands.AddFlipV(Easing.InOutQuad, 800, 900, true, false);
+            sprite.Commands.AddRotation(Easing.OutSine, 1000, 1100, 0, 720);
+            sprite.Commands.AddScale(Easing.OutQuint, 1200, 1300, 1, 4);
+            sprite.Commands.AddVectorScale(Easing.InCirc, 1400, 1500, new Vector2(4), new Vector2(3, 1));
+            sprite.Commands.AddX(Easing.InOutQuad, 1600, 1700, 300, 500);
+            sprite.Commands.AddY(Easing.OutBounce, 1800, 1800, 300, 100);
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Add(sprite);
+
+            var encoded = encode(initial);
+            var decodedAfterEncode = decode(encoded);
+
+            var decodedSprite = (StoryboardSprite)decodedAfterEncode.Storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Elements.Single();
+
+            Assert.Multiple(() =>
+            {
+                var alphaCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.Alpha.Single();
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.InBack));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(100));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(200));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(0));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(1));
+
+                var blendingCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.BlendingParameters.Single();
+                Assert.That(blendingCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.None));
+                Assert.That(blendingCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(300));
+                Assert.That(blendingCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(300));
+                Assert.That(blendingCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(BlendingParameters.Additive));
+                Assert.That(blendingCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(BlendingParameters.Additive));
+
+                var colourCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.Colour.Single();
+                Assert.That(colourCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.InCubic));
+                Assert.That(colourCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(400));
+                Assert.That(colourCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(500));
+                Assert.That(colourCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(Color4.White));
+                Assert.That(colourCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(Color4.Aquamarine));
+
+                var flipHCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.FlipH.Single();
+                Assert.That(flipHCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.InOutQuad));
+                Assert.That(flipHCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(600));
+                Assert.That(flipHCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(600));
+                Assert.That(flipHCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(true));
+                Assert.That(flipHCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(true));
+
+                var flipVCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.FlipV.Single();
+                Assert.That(flipVCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.InOutQuad));
+                Assert.That(flipVCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(800));
+                Assert.That(flipVCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(900));
+                Assert.That(flipVCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(true));
+                Assert.That(flipVCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(false));
+
+                var rotationCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.Rotation.Single();
+                Assert.That(rotationCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.OutSine));
+                Assert.That(rotationCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(1000));
+                Assert.That(rotationCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(1100));
+                Assert.That(rotationCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(0));
+                Assert.That(rotationCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(720));
+
+                var scaleCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.Scale.Single();
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.OutQuint));
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(1200));
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(1300));
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(1));
+                Assert.That(scaleCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(4));
+
+                var vectorScaleCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.VectorScale.Single();
+                Assert.That(vectorScaleCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.InCirc));
+                Assert.That(vectorScaleCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(1400));
+                Assert.That(vectorScaleCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(1500));
+                Assert.That(vectorScaleCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(new Vector2(4)));
+                Assert.That(vectorScaleCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(new Vector2(3, 1)));
+
+                var xCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.X.Single();
+                Assert.That(xCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.InOutQuad));
+                Assert.That(xCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(1600));
+                Assert.That(xCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(1700));
+                Assert.That(xCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(300));
+                Assert.That(xCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(500));
+
+                var yCommand = decodedSprite.Commands.Y.Single();
+                Assert.That(yCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.OutBounce));
+                Assert.That(yCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(1800));
+                Assert.That(yCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(1800));
+                Assert.That(yCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(300));
+                Assert.That(yCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(100));
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestLoopingGroup()
+        {
+            var initial = createComponents();
+
+            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "test.jpg", Anchor.Centre, new Vector2(300));
+            var loopingGroup = sprite.AddLoopingGroup(1000, 44);
+            loopingGroup.AddAlpha(Easing.OutQuint, 1000, 1500, 0, 1);
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Add(sprite);
+
+            var encoded = encode(initial);
+            var decodedAfterEncode = decode(encoded);
+
+            var decodedSprite = (StoryboardSprite)decodedAfterEncode.Storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Elements.Single();
+
+            Assert.Multiple(() =>
+            {
+                Assert.That(decodedSprite.LoopingGroups, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+                var decodedLoopingGroup = decodedSprite.LoopingGroups.Single();
+                Assert.That(decodedLoopingGroup.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(1000));
+                Assert.That(decodedLoopingGroup.TotalIterations, Is.EqualTo(45));
+
+                var alphaCommand = decodedLoopingGroup.Alpha.Single();
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.OutQuint));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(1000));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(1500));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(0));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(1));
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestTriggerGroup()
+        {
+            var initial = createComponents();
+
+            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "test.jpg", Anchor.Centre, new Vector2(300));
+            var triggerGroup = sprite.AddTriggerGroup("Passing", 0, 100000, 33);
+            triggerGroup.AddAlpha(Easing.OutQuint, 0, 500, 0, 1);
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Add(sprite);
+
+            var encoded = encode(initial);
+            var decodedAfterEncode = decode(encoded);
+
+            var decodedSprite = (StoryboardSprite)decodedAfterEncode.Storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Elements.Single();
+
+            Assert.Multiple(() =>
+            {
+                Assert.That(decodedSprite.TriggerGroups, Has.Count.EqualTo(1));
+                var decodedTriggerGroup = decodedSprite.TriggerGroups.Single();
+                Assert.That(decodedTriggerGroup.TriggerName, Is.EqualTo("Passing"));
+                Assert.That(decodedTriggerGroup.TriggerStartTime, Is.EqualTo(0));
+                Assert.That(decodedTriggerGroup.TriggerEndTime, Is.EqualTo(100000));
+                Assert.That(decodedTriggerGroup.GroupNumber, Is.EqualTo(33));
+
+                var alphaCommand = decodedTriggerGroup.Alpha.Single();
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.Easing, Is.EqualTo(Easing.OutQuint));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(0));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.EndTime, Is.EqualTo(500));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.StartValue, Is.EqualTo(0));
+                Assert.That(alphaCommand.EndValue, Is.EqualTo(1));
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestStoryboardSamples()
+        {
+            var initial = createComponents();
+
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Pass").Add(new StoryboardSampleInfo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "pass.wav", 4000, 85));
+            initial.Storyboard.GetLayer("Fail").Add(new StoryboardSampleInfo(StoryboardElementSource.Shared, "fail.wav", 4000, 100));
+
+            var encoded = encode(initial);
+            var decodedAfterEncode = decode(encoded);
+
+            Assert.Multiple(() =>
+            {
+                var passingSample = (StoryboardSampleInfo)decodedAfterEncode.Storyboard.GetLayer("Pass").Elements.Single();
+                Assert.That(passingSample.Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap));
+                Assert.That(passingSample.Path, Is.EqualTo("pass.wav"));
+                Assert.That(passingSample.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(4000));
+                Assert.That(passingSample.Volume, Is.EqualTo(85));
+
+                var failingSample = (StoryboardSampleInfo)decodedAfterEncode.Storyboard.GetLayer("Fail").Elements.Single();
+                Assert.That(failingSample.Source, Is.EqualTo(StoryboardElementSource.Shared));
+                Assert.That(failingSample.Path, Is.EqualTo("fail.wav"));
+                Assert.That(failingSample.StartTime, Is.EqualTo(4000));
+                Assert.That(failingSample.Volume, Is.EqualTo(100));
+            });
+        }
+
+        private record DecodedBeatmapComponents(IBeatmap Beatmap, Storyboard Storyboard);
+
+        private record EncodedBeatmapComponents(MemoryStream Beatmap, MemoryStream Storyboard);
+
+        private DecodedBeatmapComponents createComponents()
+        {
+            var beatmapInfo = new BeatmapInfo();
+            var beatmap = new Beatmap
+            {
+                BeatmapInfo = beatmapInfo
+            };
+            var storyboard = new Storyboard
+            {
+                Beatmap = beatmap,
+                BeatmapInfo = beatmapInfo
+            };
+
+            return new DecodedBeatmapComponents(beatmap, storyboard);
+        }
+
+        private EncodedBeatmapComponents encode(DecodedBeatmapComponents decoded)
+        {
+            var beatmapStream = new MemoryStream();
+            using (var beatmapWriter = new StreamWriter(beatmapStream, Encoding.UTF8, 1024, leaveOpen: true))
+                new LegacyBeatmapEncoder(decoded.Beatmap, null, decoded.Storyboard).Encode(beatmapWriter);
+            beatmapStream.Position = 0;
+
+            var storyboardStream = new MemoryStream();
+            using (var storyboardWriter = new StreamWriter(storyboardStream, Encoding.UTF8, 1024, leaveOpen: true))
+                new LegacyStoryboardEncoder(decoded.Storyboard).EncodeStandaloneStoryboard(storyboardWriter);
+            storyboardStream.Position = 0;
+
+            return new EncodedBeatmapComponents(beatmapStream, storyboardStream);
+        }
+
+        private DecodedBeatmapComponents decode(EncodedBeatmapComponents encoded)
+        {
+            using var beatmapReader = new LineBufferedReader(encoded.Beatmap, leaveOpen: true);
+            var beatmap = new LegacyBeatmapDecoder().Decode(beatmapReader);
+
+            encoded.Beatmap.Position = 0;
+            using var storyboardReader = new LineBufferedReader(encoded.Storyboard, leaveOpen: true);
+            var storyboard = new LegacyStoryboardDecoder().Decode(beatmapReader, storyboardReader);
+
+            encoded.Beatmap.Position = 0;
+            encoded.Storyboard.Position = 0;
+
+            return new DecodedBeatmapComponents(beatmap, storyboard);
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Tests/Beatmaps/IO/LegacyBeatmapExporterTest.cs

@@ -122,6 +122,29 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps.IO
                 () => Is.EqualTo(384).Within(0.00001));
         }
 
+        [Test]
+        public void TestBackgroundSpecificationPreserved()
+        {
+            IWorkingBeatmap beatmap = null!;
+            MemoryStream outStream = null!;
+
+            // Ensure importer encoding is correct
+            AddStep("import beatmap", () => beatmap = importBeatmapFromArchives(@"241526 Soleily - Renatus.osz"));
+            AddAssert("beatmap background is correct", () => beatmap.BeatmapInfo.Metadata.BackgroundFile, () => Is.EqualTo("machinetop_background.jpg"));
+
+            // Ensure exporter legacy conversion is correct
+            AddStep("export", () =>
+            {
+                outStream = new MemoryStream();
+
+                new LegacyBeatmapExporter(LocalStorage)
+                    .ExportToStream((BeatmapSetInfo)beatmap.BeatmapInfo.BeatmapSet!, outStream, null);
+            });
+
+            AddStep("import beatmap again", () => beatmap = importBeatmapFromStream(outStream));
+            AddAssert("beatmap background is still correct", () => beatmap.BeatmapInfo.Metadata.BackgroundFile, () => Is.EqualTo("machinetop_background.jpg"));
+        }
+
         [Test]
         public void TestExportStability()
         {

osu.Game.Tests/Editing/Checks/CheckAudioInVideoTest.cs

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing.Checks
         {
             var storyboard = new Storyboard();
             var layer = storyboard.GetLayer("Video");
-            layer.Add(new StoryboardVideo("abc123.mp4", 0));
+            layer.Add(new StoryboardVideo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "abc123.mp4", 0));
 
             var mockWorkingBeatmap = new Mock<TestWorkingBeatmap>(beatmap, null!, null!);
             mockWorkingBeatmap.Setup(w => w.GetStream(It.IsAny<string>())).Returns(resourceStream);

osu.Game.Tests/Editing/Checks/CheckFewHitsoundsTest.cs

@@ -7,9 +7,11 @@ using NUnit.Framework;
 using osu.Game.Audio;
 using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
 using osu.Game.Beatmaps.ControlPoints;
+using osu.Game.Beatmaps.Timing;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit.Checks;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Edit.Checks;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps;
 
@@ -18,7 +20,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing.Checks
     [TestFixture]
     public class CheckFewHitsoundsTest
     {
-        private CheckFewHitsounds check = null!;
+        private CheckOsuFewHitsounds check = null!;
 
         private List<HitSampleInfo> notHitsounded = null!;
         private List<HitSampleInfo> hitsounded = null!;
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing.Checks
         [SetUp]
         public void Setup()
         {
-            check = new CheckFewHitsounds();
+            check = new CheckOsuFewHitsounds();
             notHitsounded = new List<HitSampleInfo> { new HitSampleInfo(HitSampleInfo.HIT_NORMAL) };
             hitsounded = new List<HitSampleInfo>
             {
@@ -82,6 +84,43 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing.Checks
             assertOk(hitObjects);
         }
 
+        [Test]
+        public void TestRarelyHitsoundedLongWallTimeMostlyBreak()
+        {
+            var hitObjects = new List<HitObject>
+            {
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 0, Samples = hitsounded },
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 1000, Samples = notHitsounded },
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 2000, Samples = notHitsounded },
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 3000, Samples = notHitsounded },
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 4000, Samples = notHitsounded },
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 5000, Samples = notHitsounded },
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 10000, Samples = hitsounded },
+            };
+
+            // 10s since last hitsound, but 6s overlap a break → 4s without hitsounds (below warning threshold).
+            assertOk(hitObjects, new BreakPeriod(4000, 10000));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestRarelyHitsoundedLongWallTimeMostlySpinner()
+        {
+            var hitObjects = new List<HitObject>
+            {
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 0, Samples = hitsounded },
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 200, Samples = notHitsounded },
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 400, Samples = notHitsounded },
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 600, Samples = notHitsounded },
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 800, Samples = notHitsounded },
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 1000, Samples = notHitsounded },
+                new Spinner { StartTime = 1200, EndTime = 21200, Samples = notHitsounded },
+                new HitCircle { StartTime = 21400, Samples = hitsounded },
+            };
+
+            // 21.4s since last hitsound, but 20s overlap a spinner → 1.4s without hitsounds.
+            assertOk(hitObjects);
+        }
+
         [Test]
         public void TestLightlyHitsounded()
         {
@@ -194,9 +233,9 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing.Checks
             assertOk(hitObjects);
         }
 
-        private void assertOk(List<HitObject> hitObjects)
+        private void assertOk(List<HitObject> hitObjects, params BreakPeriod[] breaks)
         {
-            Assert.That(check.Run(getContext(hitObjects)), Is.Empty);
+            Assert.That(check.Run(getContext(hitObjects, breaks)), Is.Empty);
         }
 
         private void assertLongPeriodProblem(List<HitObject> hitObjects, int count = 1)
@@ -231,10 +270,13 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing.Checks
             Assert.That(issues.Any(issue => issue.Template is CheckFewHitsounds.IssueTemplateNoHitsounds));
         }
 
-        private BeatmapVerifierContext getContext(List<HitObject> hitObjects)
+        private BeatmapVerifierContext getContext(List<HitObject> hitObjects, params BreakPeriod[] breaks)
         {
             var beatmap = new Beatmap<HitObject> { HitObjects = hitObjects };
 
+            foreach (var b in breaks)
+                beatmap.Breaks.Add(b);
+
             return new BeatmapVerifierContext(beatmap, new TestWorkingBeatmap(beatmap));
         }
     }

osu.Game.Tests/Editing/Checks/CheckInconsistentSettingsTest.cs

@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing.Checks
             if (hasStoryboard)
             {
                 storyboard = new Storyboard();
-                storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Add(new StoryboardSprite("test.png", Anchor.Centre, Vector2.Zero));
+                storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Add(new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "test.png", Anchor.Centre, Vector2.Zero));
             }
 
             var verifiedCurrentBeatmap = new BeatmapVerifierContext.VerifiedBeatmap(new TestWorkingBeatmap(currentBeatmap, storyboard), currentBeatmap);

osu.Game.Tests/Editing/Checks/CheckUnusedAudioAtEndTest.cs

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing.Checks
         {
             var storyboard = new Storyboard();
 
-            var video = new StoryboardVideo("abc123.mp4", 0);
+            var video = new StoryboardVideo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "abc123.mp4", 0);
 
             storyboard.GetLayer("Video").Add(video);
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing.Checks
         {
             var storyboard = new Storyboard();
 
-            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite("unknown", Anchor.TopLeft, Vector2.Zero);
+            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "unknown", Anchor.TopLeft, Vector2.Zero);
 
             storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Add(sprite);
 

osu.Game.Tests/Editing/Checks/CheckVideoResolutionTest.cs

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing.Checks
         {
             var storyboard = new Storyboard();
             var layer = storyboard.GetLayer("Video");
-            layer.Add(new StoryboardVideo("abc123.mp4", 0));
+            layer.Add(new StoryboardVideo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "abc123.mp4", 0));
 
             var mockWorkingBeatmap = new Mock<TestWorkingBeatmap>(beatmap, null!, null!);
             mockWorkingBeatmap.Setup(w => w.GetStream(It.IsAny<string>())).Returns(resourceStream);

osu.Game.Tests/Editing/Checks/CheckVideoUsageTest.cs

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing.Checks
             };
 
             var storyboard = new Storyboard();
-            storyboard.GetLayer("Video").Add(new StoryboardVideo(path, startTime));
+            storyboard.GetLayer("Video").Add(new StoryboardVideo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, path, startTime));
 
             var working = new TestWorkingBeatmap(beatmap, storyboard);
             return new BeatmapVerifierContext.VerifiedBeatmap(working, beatmap);

osu.Game.Tests/Editing/LegacyEditorBeatmapPatcherTest.cs

@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Editing
             using (var encoded = new MemoryStream())
             {
                 using (var sw = new StreamWriter(encoded))
-                    new LegacyBeatmapEncoder(beatmap, null).Encode(sw);
+                    new LegacyBeatmapEncoder(beatmap, null, null).Encode(sw);
 
                 return encoded.ToArray();
             }

osu.Game.Tests/Extensions/NumberFormattingExtensionsTest.cs

@@ -51,7 +51,15 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Extensions
         [TestCase(0.4, true, 2, ExpectedResult = "40%")]
         [TestCase(1e-6, false, 6, ExpectedResult = "0,000001")]
         [TestCase(0.48333, true, 4, ExpectedResult = "48,33%")]
-        public string TestCultureSensitivity(double input, bool percent, int decimalDigits)
+        public string TestCultureSensitivityDecimalPoint(double input, bool percent, int decimalDigits)
+        {
+            return input.ToStandardFormattedString(decimalDigits, percent);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        [SetCulture("sv-SE")]
+        [TestCase(-1e-6, false, 6, ExpectedResult = "−0,000001")]
+        public string TestCultureSensitivityNegativeSign(double input, bool percent, int decimalDigits)
         {
             return input.ToStandardFormattedString(decimalDigits, percent);
         }

osu.Game.Tests/Gameplay/TestSceneScoreProcessor.cs

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Gameplay
                     AccuracyJudgementCount = 1,
                     ComboPortion = 0,
                     BonusPortion = 0
-                }, DateTimeOffset.Now)
+                }, DateTimeOffset.Now, [], 0, [])
             });
 
             Assert.That(scoreProcessor.TotalScore.Value, Is.Zero);
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Gameplay
                     AccuracyJudgementCount = 0,
                     ComboPortion = 0,
                     BonusPortion = 0
-                }, DateTimeOffset.Now)
+                }, DateTimeOffset.Now, [], 0, [])
             });
 
             Assert.That(scoreProcessor.TotalScore.Value, Is.Zero);

osu.Game.Tests/Gameplay/TestSceneStoryboardSamples.cs

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Gameplay
                 {
                     Child = new FrameStabilityContainer
                     {
-                        Child = sample = new DrawableStoryboardSample(new StoryboardSampleInfo(string.Empty, 0, 1))
+                        Child = sample = new DrawableStoryboardSample(new StoryboardSampleInfo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, string.Empty, 0, 1))
                     }
                 });
             });
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Gameplay
                 {
                     Child = new FrameStabilityContainer
                     {
-                        Child = sample = new DrawableStoryboardSample(new StoryboardSampleInfo(string.Empty, 0, 1))
+                        Child = sample = new DrawableStoryboardSample(new StoryboardSampleInfo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, string.Empty, 0, 1))
                     }
                 });
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Gameplay
                     Child = beatmapSkinSourceContainer
                 });
 
-                beatmapSkinSourceContainer.Add(sample = new DrawableStoryboardSample(new StoryboardSampleInfo("test-sample", 1, 1))
+                beatmapSkinSourceContainer.Add(sample = new DrawableStoryboardSample(new StoryboardSampleInfo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "test-sample", 1, 1))
                 {
                     Clock = gameplayContainer
                 });

osu.Game.Tests/Mods/ModUtilsTest.cs

@@ -7,8 +7,10 @@ using System.Linq;
 using Moq;
 using NUnit.Framework;
 using NUnit.Framework.Legacy;
+using osu.Framework.Bindables;
 using osu.Framework.Extensions.TypeExtensions;
 using osu.Framework.Localisation;
+using osu.Game.Configuration;
 using osu.Game.Online.Rooms;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Catch;
@@ -33,6 +35,17 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Mods
             Assert.That(invalid, Is.EquivalentTo(new[] { mod.Object }));
         }
 
+        [Test]
+        public void TestModIsNotCompatibleWithItselfEvenIfSettingsDiffer()
+        {
+            var mod1 = new Mock<CustomMod3>();
+            var mod2 = new Mock<CustomMod3>();
+            mod2.Setup(m => m.Setting).Returns(new BindableBool(true));
+
+            Assert.That(ModUtils.CheckCompatibleSet(new[] { mod1.Object, mod2.Object }, out var invalid), Is.False);
+            Assert.That(invalid, Is.EquivalentTo(new[] { mod2.Object }));
+        }
+
         [Test]
         public void TestModIsCompatibleByItself()
         {
@@ -397,6 +410,12 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Mods
         {
         }
 
+        public abstract class CustomMod3 : Mod, IModCompatibilitySpecification
+        {
+            [SettingSource("Setting")]
+            public virtual BindableBool Setting { get; } = new BindableBool();
+        }
+
         private class InvalidMultiplayerMod : Mod
         {
             public override string Name => string.Empty;

osu.Game.Tests/NonVisual/CustomDataDirectoryTest.cs

@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.NonVisual
 
                     Assert.That(storage.GetFullPath("."), Is.EqualTo(defaultStorageLocation));
 
-                    osu.Migrate(customPath);
+                    osu.MigrateUserData(customPath);
 
                     Assert.That(storage.GetFullPath("."), Is.EqualTo(customPath));
 
@@ -183,16 +183,16 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.NonVisual
                 {
                     var osu = LoadOsuIntoHost(host);
 
-                    Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => osu.Migrate(customPath));
+                    Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => osu.MigrateUserData(customPath));
                     Assert.That(File.Exists(Path.Combine(customPath, OsuGameBase.CLIENT_DATABASE_FILENAME)));
 
-                    Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => osu.Migrate(customPath2));
+                    Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => osu.MigrateUserData(customPath2));
                     Assert.That(File.Exists(Path.Combine(customPath2, OsuGameBase.CLIENT_DATABASE_FILENAME)));
 
                     // some files may have been left behind for whatever reason, but that's not what we're testing here.
                     cleanupPath(customPath);
 
-                    Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => osu.Migrate(customPath));
+                    Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => osu.MigrateUserData(customPath));
                     Assert.That(File.Exists(Path.Combine(customPath, OsuGameBase.CLIENT_DATABASE_FILENAME)));
                 }
                 finally
@@ -212,8 +212,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.NonVisual
                 {
                     var osu = LoadOsuIntoHost(host);
 
-                    Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => osu.Migrate(customPath));
-                    Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => osu.Migrate(customPath));
+                    Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => osu.MigrateUserData(customPath));
+                    Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => osu.MigrateUserData(customPath));
                 }
                 finally
                 {
@@ -238,14 +238,14 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.NonVisual
 
                     string originalDirectory = storage.GetFullPath(".");
 
-                    Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => osu.Migrate(customPath));
+                    Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => osu.MigrateUserData(customPath));
                     Assert.That(File.Exists(Path.Combine(customPath, OsuGameBase.CLIENT_DATABASE_FILENAME)));
 
                     Directory.CreateDirectory(customPath2);
                     File.WriteAllText(Path.Combine(customPath2, OsuGameBase.CLIENT_DATABASE_FILENAME), "I am a text");
 
                     // Fails because file already exists.
-                    Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => osu.Migrate(customPath2));
+                    Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => osu.MigrateUserData(customPath2));
 
                     osuStorage?.ChangeDataPath(customPath2);
 
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.NonVisual
                 {
                     var osu = LoadOsuIntoHost(host);
 
-                    Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => osu.Migrate(customPath));
+                    Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => osu.MigrateUserData(customPath));
 
                     string subFolder = Path.Combine(customPath, "sub");
 
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.NonVisual
 
                     Directory.CreateDirectory(subFolder);
 
-                    Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => osu.Migrate(subFolder));
+                    Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => osu.MigrateUserData(subFolder));
                 }
                 finally
                 {
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.NonVisual
                 {
                     var osu = LoadOsuIntoHost(host);
 
-                    Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => osu.Migrate(customPath));
+                    Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => osu.MigrateUserData(customPath));
 
                     string seeminglySubFolder = customPath + "sub";
 
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.NonVisual
 
                     Directory.CreateDirectory(seeminglySubFolder);
 
-                    osu.Migrate(seeminglySubFolder);
+                    osu.MigrateUserData(seeminglySubFolder);
                 }
                 finally
                 {

osu.Game.Tests/Resources/Requests/api-beatmaps-rankedplay-mania4k.json

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[
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+
+]

osu.Game.Tests/Rulesets/Scoring/ScoreMultiplierCalculatorTest.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Scoring;
+using osu.Game.Scoring;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Tests.Rulesets.Scoring
+{
+    public class ScoreMultiplierCalculatorTest
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void TestFlatMultiplier()
+        {
+            var calculator = new TestScoreMultiplierCalculator(new ScoreMultiplierContext());
+
+            double multiplier = calculator.CalculateFor([new OsuModEasy()]);
+
+            Assert.That(multiplier, Is.EqualTo(0.15));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestSettingDependentMultiplier()
+        {
+            var calculator = new TestScoreMultiplierCalculator(new ScoreMultiplierContext());
+
+            double multiplier = calculator.CalculateFor([new OsuModDaycore { SpeedChange = { Value = 0.6 } }]);
+
+            Assert.That(multiplier, Is.EqualTo(0.4));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestContextDependentMultiplier()
+        {
+            TestScoreMultiplierCalculator calculator;
+
+            double multiplier;
+
+            Assert.Multiple(() =>
+            {
+                calculator = new TestScoreMultiplierCalculator(new ScoreMultiplierContext());
+                multiplier = calculator.CalculateFor([new OsuModHardRock()]);
+                Assert.That(multiplier, Is.EqualTo(1.4));
+
+                calculator = new TestScoreMultiplierCalculator(new ScoreMultiplierContext(new ScoreInfo { ClientVersion = "2024.123.0" }));
+                multiplier = calculator.CalculateFor([new OsuModHardRock()]);
+                Assert.That(multiplier, Is.EqualTo(1.2));
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestCombinationMultiplier()
+        {
+            var calculator = new TestScoreMultiplierCalculator(new ScoreMultiplierContext());
+
+            double multiplier = calculator.CalculateFor([new OsuModEasy(), new OsuModDaycore()]);
+
+            Assert.That(multiplier, Is.EqualTo(0.003));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestCombinationAndFlatMultipliers()
+        {
+            var calculator = new TestScoreMultiplierCalculator(new ScoreMultiplierContext());
+
+            double multiplier = calculator.CalculateFor([new OsuModDaycore(), new OsuModHardRock(), new OsuModEasy()]);
+
+            Assert.That(multiplier, Is.EqualTo(0.003 * 1.4));
+        }
+
+        private class TestScoreMultiplierCalculator : ScoreMultiplierCalculator
+        {
+            public TestScoreMultiplierCalculator(ScoreMultiplierContext context)
+                : base(context)
+            {
+                Single<OsuModEasy>(hasMultiplier: 0.15);
+                Single<OsuModDaycore>(hasMultiplier: daycore => (1 + daycore.SpeedChange.Value) / 4);
+                Single<OsuModHardRock>(hasMultiplier: _ => context.Score?.ClientVersion == "2024.123.0" ? 1.2 : 1.4);
+                Combination<OsuModEasy, OsuModDaycore>(hasMultiplier: (_, _) => 0.003);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Tests/Skins/TestSceneBeatmapSkinLookupDisables.cs

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ using osu.Framework.Graphics.Containers;
 using osu.Framework.Graphics.Textures;
 using osu.Framework.Testing;
 using osu.Game.Audio;
-using osu.Game.Configuration;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu;
 using osu.Game.Skinning;
 using osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps;
@@ -26,17 +25,15 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Skins
     public partial class TestSceneBeatmapSkinLookupDisables : OsuTestScene
     {
         private UserSkinSource userSource;
+        private BeatmapSkinProvidingContainer beatmapSkinProvider;
         private BeatmapSkinSource beatmapSource;
         private SkinRequester requester;
 
-        [Resolved]
-        private OsuConfigManager config { get; set; }
-
         [SetUp]
         public void SetUp() => Schedule(() =>
         {
             Add(new SkinProvidingContainer(userSource = new UserSkinSource())
-                .WithChild(new BeatmapSkinProvidingContainer(beatmapSource = new BeatmapSkinSource())
+                .WithChild(beatmapSkinProvider = new BeatmapSkinProvidingContainer(beatmapSource = new BeatmapSkinSource())
                     .WithChild(requester = new SkinRequester())));
         });
 
@@ -44,7 +41,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Skins
         [TestCase(true)]
         public void TestDrawableLookup(bool allowBeatmapLookups)
         {
-            AddStep($"Set beatmap skin enabled to {allowBeatmapLookups}", () => config.SetValue(OsuSetting.BeatmapSkins, allowBeatmapLookups));
+            AddStep($"Set beatmap skin enabled to {allowBeatmapLookups}", () => beatmapSkinProvider.BeatmapSkins.Value = allowBeatmapLookups);
 
             string expected = allowBeatmapLookups ? "beatmap" : "user";
 
@@ -55,7 +52,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Skins
         [TestCase(true)]
         public void TestProviderLookup(bool allowBeatmapLookups)
         {
-            AddStep($"Set beatmap skin enabled to {allowBeatmapLookups}", () => config.SetValue(OsuSetting.BeatmapSkins, allowBeatmapLookups));
+            AddStep($"Set beatmap skin enabled to {allowBeatmapLookups}", () => beatmapSkinProvider.BeatmapSkins.Value = allowBeatmapLookups);
 
             ISkin expected() => allowBeatmapLookups ? beatmapSource : userSource;
 

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Background/TestSceneBackgroundScreenDefault.cs

@@ -355,6 +355,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Background
                 public double StartTime => double.MinValue;
                 public double EndTime => double.MaxValue;
                 public double EndTimeForDisplay => double.MaxValue;
+                public StoryboardElementSource Source => StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap;
 
                 public Drawable CreateDrawable() => new DrawableTestStoryboardElement();
             }

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Editing/TestSceneBlueprintOrdering.cs

@@ -100,8 +100,10 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Editing
         [Test]
         public void TestPlacementOfConcurrentObjectWithDuration()
         {
-            AddStep("seek to timing point", () => EditorClock.Seek(2170));
-            AddStep("add hit circle", () => EditorBeatmap.Add(createHitCircle(2170, Vector2.Zero)));
+            const double spinner_start_time = 2170;
+            const double spinner_end_seek_time = 2500;
+
+            AddStep("seek to timing point", () => EditorClock.Seek(spinner_start_time));
 
             AddStep("choose spinner placement tool", () =>
             {
@@ -116,10 +118,15 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Editing
             });
             AddStep("end placing spinner", () =>
             {
-                EditorClock.Seek(2500);
+                EditorClock.Seek(spinner_end_seek_time);
                 InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Right);
             });
 
+            AddStep("add hit circle mid-spinner", () =>
+            {
+                EditorBeatmap.Add(createHitCircle((spinner_start_time + spinner_end_seek_time) / 2, Vector2.Zero));
+            });
+
             AddAssert("two timeline blueprints present", () => Editor.ChildrenOfType<TimelineHitObjectBlueprint>().Count() == 2);
         }
 

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Editing/TestSceneHitObjectComposer.cs

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Editing
             });
 
             AddStep("Add timing point", () => editorBeatmap.ControlPointInfo.Add(0, new TimingControlPoint()));
-            AddStep("select circle", () => hitObjectComposer.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().First(d => d.Button.Label == "HitCircle").TriggerClick());
+            AddStep("select circle", () => hitObjectComposer.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().First(d => d.Button.Label == "Hit circle").TriggerClick());
             AddStep("move mouse to compose", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(hitObjectComposer.ChildrenOfType<HitObjectContainer>().Single()));
             AddStep("click", () => InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Left));
             AddAssert("circle placed", () => editorBeatmap.HitObjects.Count == 1);
@@ -128,10 +128,10 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Editing
             AddStep("clear all control points", () => editorBeatmap.ControlPointInfo.Clear());
 
             AddAssert("Tool is selection", () => hitObjectComposer.ChildrenOfType<ComposeBlueprintContainer>().First().CurrentTool is SelectTool);
-            AddAssert("Hitcircle button not clickable", () => !hitObjectComposer.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().First(d => d.Button.Label == "HitCircle").Enabled.Value);
+            AddAssert("Hitcircle button not clickable", () => !hitObjectComposer.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().First(d => d.Button.Label == "Hit circle").Enabled.Value);
             AddStep("Add timing point", () => editorBeatmap.ControlPointInfo.Add(0, new TimingControlPoint()));
-            AddAssert("Hitcircle button is clickable", () => hitObjectComposer.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().First(d => d.Button.Label == "HitCircle").Enabled.Value);
-            AddStep("Change to hitcircle", () => hitObjectComposer.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().First(d => d.Button.Label == "HitCircle").TriggerClick());
+            AddAssert("Hitcircle button is clickable", () => hitObjectComposer.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().First(d => d.Button.Label == "Hit circle").Enabled.Value);
+            AddStep("Change to hitcircle", () => hitObjectComposer.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().First(d => d.Button.Label == "Hit circle").TriggerClick());
             AddAssert("Tool changed", () => hitObjectComposer.ChildrenOfType<ComposeBlueprintContainer>().First().CurrentTool is HitCircleCompositionTool);
         }
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Editing
 
             AddStep("Add timing point", () => editorBeatmap.ControlPointInfo.Add(0, new TimingControlPoint()));
 
-            AddStep("Change to hitcircle", () => hitObjectComposer.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().First(d => d.Button.Label == "HitCircle").TriggerClick());
+            AddStep("Change to hitcircle", () => hitObjectComposer.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().First(d => d.Button.Label == "Hit circle").TriggerClick());
 
             ExpandingToolboxContainer toolboxContainer = null!;
 
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Editing
 
             AddStep("Add timing point", () => editorBeatmap.ControlPointInfo.Add(0, new TimingControlPoint()));
 
-            AddStep("Change to hitcircle", () => hitObjectComposer.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().First(d => d.Button.Label == "HitCircle").TriggerClick());
+            AddStep("Change to hitcircle", () => hitObjectComposer.ChildrenOfType<EditorRadioButton>().First(d => d.Button.Label == "Hit circle").TriggerClick());
 
             AddStep("move mouse to scroll area", () =>
             {

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Editing/TestScenePlacementBlueprint.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ using System.Linq;
 using NUnit.Framework;
 using osu.Framework.Screens;
 using osu.Framework.Testing;
+using osu.Framework.Utils;
 using osu.Game.Audio;
 using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
 using osu.Game.Beatmaps.ControlPoints;
@@ -12,10 +13,11 @@ using osu.Game.Graphics.UserInterface;
 using osu.Game.Input.Bindings;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Edit;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Objects.Types;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.UI;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu;
 using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu.Objects;
-using osu.Game.Rulesets.UI;
 using osu.Game.Screens.Edit.Components.TernaryButtons;
 using osu.Game.Screens.Edit.Compose.Components;
 using osu.Game.Tests.Beatmaps;
@@ -51,6 +53,90 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Editing
             AddAssert("circle removed", () => EditorBeatmap.HitObjects, () => Is.Empty);
         }
 
+        [Test]
+        public void TestPlacementReplacesObjectAtSameStartTime()
+        {
+            HitCircle existing = null!;
+            var existingPosition = new Vector2(128, 160);
+            var replacementPosition = new Vector2(400, 280);
+            Playfield playfield = null!;
+
+            AddStep("add existing circle", () =>
+            {
+                EditorBeatmap.Add(existing = new HitCircle
+                {
+                    StartTime = 500,
+                    Position = existingPosition,
+                });
+            });
+
+            AddStep("seek to same time", () => EditorClock.Seek(500));
+            AddStep("select circle placement tool", () => InputManager.Key(Key.Number2));
+            AddStep("grab playfield", () => playfield = this.ChildrenOfType<Playfield>().Single());
+            AddStep("move mouse to replacement coordinates", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(playfield.GamefieldToScreenSpace(replacementPosition)));
+            AddStep("place circle", () => InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Left));
+
+            AddAssert("only one hit object", () => EditorBeatmap.HitObjects.Count, () => Is.EqualTo(1));
+            AddAssert("original instance removed from beatmap", () => EditorBeatmap.HitObjects.Single(), () => Is.Not.SameAs(existing));
+            AddAssert("start time unchanged", () => Precision.AlmostEquals(EditorBeatmap.HitObjects.Single().StartTime, 500));
+            AddAssert("circle at new coordinates", () =>
+            {
+                var circle = (HitCircle)EditorBeatmap.HitObjects.Single();
+                return circle != null
+                       && Precision.AlmostEquals(circle.Position.X, replacementPosition.X)
+                       && Precision.AlmostEquals(circle.Position.Y, replacementPosition.Y);
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestPlacementOnSliderBodyDoesNotRemoveSlider()
+        {
+            Slider originalSlider = null!;
+
+            AddStep("add slider", () =>
+            {
+                EditorBeatmap.Add(originalSlider = new Slider
+                {
+                    StartTime = 0,
+                    Position = new Vector2(256, 192),
+                    Path = new SliderPath(new[]
+                    {
+                        new PathControlPoint(Vector2.Zero),
+                        new PathControlPoint(new Vector2(256, 0)),
+                    }),
+                });
+            });
+
+            AddUntilStep("slider duration resolved", () => originalSlider.EndTime > originalSlider.StartTime + 1);
+
+            double midTime = 0;
+            double endTime = 0;
+
+            AddStep("capture slider times", () =>
+            {
+                midTime = originalSlider.StartTime + originalSlider.Duration / 2;
+                endTime = originalSlider.EndTime;
+            });
+
+            Playfield playfield = null!;
+
+            AddStep("seek to slider mid", () => EditorClock.Seek(midTime));
+            AddStep("select circle placement tool", () => InputManager.Key(Key.Number2));
+            AddStep("grab playfield", () => playfield = this.ChildrenOfType<Playfield>().Single());
+            AddStep("move mouse for mid placement", () => InputManager.MoveMouseTo(playfield.GamefieldToScreenSpace(new Vector2(300, 200))));
+            AddStep("place circle at slider mid time", () => InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Left));
+
+            AddAssert("slider preserved after mid placement", () => EditorBeatmap.HitObjects.Contains(originalSlider));
+            AddAssert("one circle after mid placement", () => EditorBeatmap.HitObjects.Count(h => h is HitCircle), () => Is.EqualTo(1));
+
+            AddStep("seek to slider end", () => EditorClock.Seek(endTime));
+            AddStep("place circle at slider end time", () => InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Left));
+
+            AddAssert("slider still preserved", () => EditorBeatmap.HitObjects.Contains(originalSlider));
+            AddAssert("three hit objects total", () => EditorBeatmap.HitObjects.Count, () => Is.EqualTo(3));
+            AddAssert("two circles placed", () => EditorBeatmap.HitObjects.Count(h => h is HitCircle), () => Is.EqualTo(2));
+        }
+
         [Test]
         public void TestTimingLost()
         {

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneArgonJudgementCounter.cs

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Gameplay
 
             AddRepeatStep("Add judgement", () => applyOneJudgement(HitResult.LargeTickHit), 2);
             AddAssert("Check value added whilst hidden", () => hiddenCount() == 2);
-            AddStep("Show all judgements", () => counterDisplay.Mode.Value = ArgonJudgementCounterDisplay.DisplayMode.All);
+            AddStep("Show all judgements", () => counterDisplay.Mode.Value = JudgementCounterDisplay.DisplayMode.All);
         }
 
         [Test]
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Gameplay
             AddStep("create counter", () => Child = counterDisplay = new TestArgonJudgementCounterDisplay());
 
             AddStep("Set max judgement to hide itself", () => counterDisplay.ShowMaxJudgement.Value = false);
-            AddStep("Show all judgements", () => counterDisplay.Mode.Value = ArgonJudgementCounterDisplay.DisplayMode.All);
+            AddStep("Show all judgements", () => counterDisplay.Mode.Value = JudgementCounterDisplay.DisplayMode.All);
             AddWaitStep("wait some", 2);
             AddAssert("Assert max judgement hidden", () => counterDisplay.CounterFlow.ChildrenOfType<ArgonJudgementCounter>().First().Alpha == 0);
         }
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Gameplay
         public void TestNoDuplicates()
         {
             AddStep("create counter", () => Child = counterDisplay = new TestArgonJudgementCounterDisplay());
-            AddStep("Show all judgements", () => counterDisplay.Mode.Value = ArgonJudgementCounterDisplay.DisplayMode.All);
+            AddStep("Show all judgements", () => counterDisplay.Mode.Value = JudgementCounterDisplay.DisplayMode.All);
             AddAssert("Check no duplicates",
                 () => counterDisplay.CounterFlow.ChildrenOfType<ArgonJudgementCounter>().Count(),
                 () => Is.EqualTo(counterDisplay.CounterFlow.ChildrenOfType<ArgonJudgementCounter>().Select(c => c.Result.DisplayName).Distinct().Count()));
@@ -176,11 +176,11 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Gameplay
         {
             AddStep("create counter", () => Child = counterDisplay = new TestArgonJudgementCounterDisplay());
 
-            AddStep("Show basic judgements", () => counterDisplay.Mode.Value = ArgonJudgementCounterDisplay.DisplayMode.Simple);
+            AddStep("Show basic judgements", () => counterDisplay.Mode.Value = JudgementCounterDisplay.DisplayMode.Simple);
             AddWaitStep("wait some", 2);
             AddAssert("Check only basic", () => counterDisplay.CounterFlow.ChildrenOfType<ArgonJudgementCounter>().Last().Alpha == 0);
-            AddStep("Show normal judgements", () => counterDisplay.Mode.Value = ArgonJudgementCounterDisplay.DisplayMode.Normal);
-            AddStep("Show all judgements", () => counterDisplay.Mode.Value = ArgonJudgementCounterDisplay.DisplayMode.All);
+            AddStep("Show normal judgements", () => counterDisplay.Mode.Value = JudgementCounterDisplay.DisplayMode.Normal);
+            AddStep("Show all judgements", () => counterDisplay.Mode.Value = JudgementCounterDisplay.DisplayMode.All);
             AddWaitStep("wait some", 2);
             AddAssert("Check all visible", () => counterDisplay.CounterFlow.ChildrenOfType<ArgonJudgementCounter>().Last().Alpha == 1);
             AddToggleStep("toggle wireframe display", t => counterDisplay.WireframeOpacity.Value = t ? 0.3f : 0);

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneDrawableStoryboardSprite.cs

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Gameplay
             {
                 var layer = storyboard.GetLayer("Background");
 
-                var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(lookup_name, Anchor.TopLeft, new Vector2(256, 192));
+                var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, lookup_name, Anchor.TopLeft, new Vector2(256, 192));
                 sprite.Commands.AddAlpha(Easing.None, 0, 2000, 0, 2);
 
                 layer.Elements.Clear();
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Gameplay
             {
                 var layer = storyboard.GetLayer("Video");
 
-                var sprite = new StoryboardVideo("Videos/test-video.mp4", Time.Current);
+                var sprite = new StoryboardVideo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "Videos/test-video.mp4", Time.Current);
 
                 if (scaleTransformProvided)
                 {
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Gameplay
         {
             var layer = storyboard.GetLayer("Background");
 
-            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(lookupName, origin, initialPosition);
+            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, lookupName, origin, initialPosition);
             var loop = sprite.AddLoopingGroup(Time.Current, 100);
             loop.AddAlpha(Easing.None, 0, 10000, 1, 1);
 

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneJudgementCounter.cs

@@ -73,6 +73,15 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Gameplay
             iteration++;
         }
 
+        [Test]
+        public void TestDisplayModes()
+        {
+            AddStep("create counter", () => Child = counterDisplay = new TestJudgementCounterDisplay());
+
+            foreach (JudgementCounterDisplay.DisplayMode mode in Enum.GetValues<JudgementCounterDisplay.DisplayMode>())
+                AddStep($"Change mode to {mode}", () => counterDisplay.Mode.Value = mode);
+        }
+
         [Test]
         public void TestAddJudgementsToCounters()
         {

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneLeadIn.cs

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Gameplay
         {
             var storyboard = new Storyboard();
 
-            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite("unknown", Anchor.TopLeft, Vector2.Zero);
+            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "unknown", Anchor.TopLeft, Vector2.Zero);
 
             sprite.Commands.AddAlpha(Easing.None, firstStoryboardEvent, firstStoryboardEvent + 500, 0, 1);
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Gameplay
 
             var storyboard = new Storyboard();
 
-            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite("unknown", Anchor.TopLeft, Vector2.Zero);
+            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "unknown", Anchor.TopLeft, Vector2.Zero);
 
             // these should be ignored as we have an alpha visibility blocker proceeding this command.
             sprite.Commands.AddScale(Easing.None, loop_start_time, -18000, 0, 1);

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneStoryboardCommands.cs

@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Gameplay
         {
             var layer = storyboard.GetLayer("Background");
 
-            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(lookup_name, Anchor.Centre, new Vector2(320, 240));
+            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, lookup_name, Anchor.Centre, new Vector2(320, 240));
             sprite.Commands.AddScale(Easing.None, 0, clock_limit, 0.5f, 0.5f);
             sprite.Commands.AddAlpha(Easing.None, 0, clock_limit, 1, 1);
             addCommands?.Invoke(sprite);

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneStoryboardSamplePlayback.cs

@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Gameplay
 
             storyboard = new Storyboard();
             var backgroundLayer = storyboard.GetLayer("Background");
-            backgroundLayer.Add(new StoryboardSampleInfo("Intro/welcome.mp3", time: -7000, volume: 20));
-            backgroundLayer.Add(new StoryboardSampleInfo("Intro/welcome.mp3", time: -5000, volume: 20));
-            backgroundLayer.Add(new StoryboardSampleInfo("Intro/welcome.mp3", time: 0, volume: 20));
-            backgroundLayer.Add(new StoryboardSampleInfo("Intro/welcome.mp3", time: 2000, volume: 20));
+            backgroundLayer.Add(new StoryboardSampleInfo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "Intro/welcome.mp3", time: -7000, volume: 20));
+            backgroundLayer.Add(new StoryboardSampleInfo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "Intro/welcome.mp3", time: -5000, volume: 20));
+            backgroundLayer.Add(new StoryboardSampleInfo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "Intro/welcome.mp3", time: 0, volume: 20));
+            backgroundLayer.Add(new StoryboardSampleInfo(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "Intro/welcome.mp3", time: 2000, volume: 20));
         }
 
         [SetUp]

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneStoryboardWithIntro.cs

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Gameplay
         private Storyboard createStoryboard(double startTime)
         {
             var storyboard = new Storyboard();
-            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite("unknown", Anchor.TopLeft, Vector2.Zero);
+            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "unknown", Anchor.TopLeft, Vector2.Zero);
             sprite.Commands.AddAlpha(Easing.None, startTime, 0, 0, 1);
             storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Add(sprite);
             return storyboard;

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Gameplay/TestSceneStoryboardWithOutro.cs

@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Gameplay
         private Storyboard createStoryboard(double duration)
         {
             var storyboard = new Storyboard();
-            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite("unknown", Anchor.TopLeft, Vector2.Zero);
+            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "unknown", Anchor.TopLeft, Vector2.Zero);
             sprite.Commands.AddAlpha(Easing.None, 0, duration, 1, 0);
             storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Add(sprite);
             return storyboard;

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Multiplayer/MultiplayerGameplayLeaderboardTestScene.cs

@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Multiplayer
                         [HitResult.Miss] = 0,
                         [HitResult.Meh] = 0,
                         [HitResult.Great] = 0
-                    }, new ScoreProcessorStatistics(), DateTimeOffset.Now);
+                    }, new ScoreProcessorStatistics(), DateTimeOffset.Now, [], 0, []);
                 }
 
                 switch (RNG.Next(0, 3))

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Multiplayer/TestSceneDrawableLoungeRoom.cs

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Multiplayer
                     {
                         allowResponseCallback.Wait(10000);
                         allowResponseCallback.Reset();
-                        Schedule(() => d?.Invoke("Incorrect password", new InvalidPasswordException()));
+                        Schedule(() => d("Incorrect password", new InvalidPasswordException()));
                     });
                 });
 

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Multiplayer/TestSceneFreeModSelectOverlay.cs

@@ -178,7 +178,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Multiplayer
             {
                 LoadComponent(Overlay = new FreeModSelectOverlay
                 {
-                    SelectedMods = { BindTarget = FreeMods }
+                    SelectedMods = { BindTarget = FreeMods },
+                    Ruleset = { BindTarget = Ruleset }
                 });
             }
 

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Multiplayer/TestSceneMultiSpectatorScreen.cs

@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Multiplayer
         [Test]
         public void TestIntroStoryboardElement() => testLeadIn(b =>
         {
-            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite("unknown", Anchor.TopLeft, Vector2.Zero);
+            var sprite = new StoryboardSprite(StoryboardElementSource.Beatmap, "unknown", Anchor.TopLeft, Vector2.Zero);
             sprite.Commands.AddAlpha(Easing.None, -2000, 0, 0, 1);
             b.Storyboard.GetLayer("Background").Add(sprite);
         });

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Multiplayer/TestSceneMultiplayer.cs

@@ -1206,6 +1206,27 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Multiplayer
             AddUntilStep("style selection screen closed", () => this.ChildrenOfType<MultiplayerMatchFreestyleSelect>().SingleOrDefault()?.IsCurrentScreen() != true);
         }
 
+        [Test]
+        public void TestMaxParticipantsAndSlots()
+        {
+            createRoom(() => new Room
+            {
+                Name = "Test Room",
+                Password = "password",
+                Playlist =
+                [
+                    new PlaylistItem(beatmaps.GetWorkingBeatmap(importedSet.Beatmaps.First(b => b.Ruleset.OnlineID == 0)).BeatmapInfo)
+                    {
+                        RulesetID = new OsuRuleset().RulesetInfo.OnlineID
+                    }
+                ],
+                MaxParticipants = 10
+            });
+
+            AddStep("turn max participants off", () => multiplayerClient.ChangeSettings(maxParticipants: null));
+            AddStep("turn max participants back on", () => multiplayerClient.ChangeSettings(maxParticipants: 8));
+        }
+
         private void enterGameplay()
         {
             pressReadyButton();

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Multiplayer/TestSceneMultiplayerMatchSubScreen.cs

@@ -330,6 +330,33 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Multiplayer
             AddAssert("score multiplier = 1.20", () => this.ChildrenOfType<RankingInformationDisplay>().Single().ModMultiplier.Value, () => Is.EqualTo(1.2).Within(0.01));
         }
 
+        [Test]
+        public void TestModSelectOverlayNonDefaultSettings()
+        {
+            AddStep("add playlist item", () =>
+            {
+                room.Playlist =
+                [
+                    new PlaylistItem(new TestBeatmap(new OsuRuleset().RulesetInfo).BeatmapInfo)
+                    {
+                        RulesetID = new OsuRuleset().RulesetInfo.OnlineID,
+                        RequiredMods =
+                        [
+                            new APIMod(new OsuModSuddenDeath { FailOnSliderTail = { Value = true } }),
+                        ],
+                        AllowedMods = [],
+                        Freestyle = true
+                    }
+                ];
+            });
+            ClickButtonWhenEnabled<MultiplayerMatchSettingsOverlay.CreateOrUpdateButton>();
+
+            AddUntilStep("wait for join", () => RoomJoined);
+
+            ClickButtonWhenEnabled<UserModSelectButton>();
+            AddAssert("sudden death not visible", () => this.ChildrenOfType<MultiplayerUserModSelectOverlay>().Single().ChildrenOfType<ModPanel>().Single(m => m.Mod is ModSuddenDeath).Visible == false);
+        }
+
         [Test]
         public void TestChangeSettingsButtonVisibleForHost()
         {

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Multiplayer/TestSceneMultiplayerParticipantsList.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Threading;
 using NUnit.Framework;
+using osu.Framework.Extensions;
 using osu.Framework.Extensions.ObjectExtensions;
 using osu.Framework.Graphics;
 using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
@@ -55,6 +56,68 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Multiplayer
             AddAssert("two unique panels", () => this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Select(p => p.Current.Value).Distinct().Count() == 2);
         }
 
+        [Test]
+        public void TestSlots()
+        {
+            setUpList();
+            AddAssert("one unique panel", () => this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Select(p => p.Current.Value).Distinct().Count() == 1);
+
+            AddStep("add user", () => MultiplayerClient.AddUser(new APIUser
+            {
+                Id = 3,
+                Username = "Second",
+                CoverUrl = TestResources.COVER_IMAGE_3,
+            }));
+
+            AddAssert("two unique panels", () => this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Select(p => p.Current.Value).Distinct().Count() == 2);
+
+            AddStep("introduce slots", () => MultiplayerClient.ChangeMatchRoomState(new StandardMatchRoomState
+            {
+                Slots = [null, 3, null, null, 1001, null, null]
+            }).WaitSafely());
+
+            AddStep("click first slot", () =>
+            {
+                InputManager.MoveMouseTo(this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().First());
+                InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Left);
+            });
+            AddUntilStep("slots changed", () => ((StandardMatchRoomState)MultiplayerClient.ClientRoom!.MatchState!).Slots,
+                () => Is.EquivalentTo(new int?[] { 1001, 3, null, null, null, null, null }));
+
+            AddStep("click second slot", () =>
+            {
+                InputManager.MoveMouseTo(this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().ElementAt(1));
+                InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Left);
+            });
+            AddUntilStep("slots not changed", () => ((StandardMatchRoomState)MultiplayerClient.ClientRoom!.MatchState!).Slots,
+                () => Is.EquivalentTo(new int?[] { 1001, 3, null, null, null, null, null }));
+
+            AddStep("click last slot", () =>
+            {
+                InputManager.MoveMouseTo(this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Last());
+                InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Left);
+            });
+            AddUntilStep("slots changed", () => ((StandardMatchRoomState)MultiplayerClient.ClientRoom!.MatchState!).Slots,
+                () => Is.EquivalentTo(new int?[] { null, 3, null, null, null, null, 1001 }));
+
+            AddStep("shuffle slots", () => MultiplayerClient.ChangeMatchRoomState(new StandardMatchRoomState
+            {
+                Slots = [null, null, 1001, null, null, null, 3]
+            }).WaitSafely());
+            AddStep("remove slots", () => MultiplayerClient.ChangeMatchRoomState(new StandardMatchRoomState
+            {
+                Slots = [null, 3, null, 1001]
+            }).WaitSafely());
+            AddStep("add slots", () => MultiplayerClient.ChangeMatchRoomState(new StandardMatchRoomState
+            {
+                Slots = [null, null, 3, null, 1001, null]
+            }).WaitSafely());
+            AddStep("turn off slots", () => MultiplayerClient.ChangeMatchRoomState(new StandardMatchRoomState
+            {
+                Slots = null
+            }).WaitSafely());
+        }
+
         [Test]
         public void TestAddReferee()
         {
@@ -86,7 +149,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Multiplayer
 
             AddUntilStep("two unique panels", () => this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Select(p => p.Current.Value).Distinct().Count() == 2);
 
-            AddStep("kick null user", () => this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Single(p => p.Current.Value.User == null)
+            AddStep("kick null user", () => this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Single(p => p.Current.Value.User?.User == null)
                                                 .ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel.KickButton>().Single().TriggerClick());
 
             AddUntilStep("null user kicked", () => MultiplayerClient.ClientRoom.AsNonNull().Users.Count == 1);
@@ -111,7 +174,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Multiplayer
 
             AddStep("remove host", () => MultiplayerClient.RemoveUser(API.LocalUser.Value));
 
-            AddAssert("single panel is for second user", () => this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Single().Current.Value.UserID == secondUser?.Id);
+            AddAssert("single panel is for second user", () => this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Single().Current.Value.User?.UserID == secondUser?.Id);
         }
 
         [Test]
@@ -150,7 +213,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Multiplayer
 
             AddRepeatStep("increment progress", () =>
             {
-                float progress = this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Single().Current.Value.BeatmapAvailability.DownloadProgress ?? 0;
+                float progress = this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Single().Current.Value.User?.BeatmapAvailability.DownloadProgress ?? 0;
                 MultiplayerClient.ChangeBeatmapAvailability(BeatmapAvailability.Downloading(progress + RNG.NextSingle(0.1f)));
             }, 25);
 
@@ -195,16 +258,16 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Multiplayer
             }));
 
             AddUntilStep("first user crown visible",
-                () => this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Single(p => p.Current.Value.UserID == 1001).ChildrenOfType<SpriteIcon>().First().Alpha == 1);
+                () => this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Single(p => p.Current.Value.User?.UserID == 1001).ChildrenOfType<SpriteIcon>().First().Alpha == 1);
             AddUntilStep("second user crown hidden",
-                () => this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Single(p => p.Current.Value.UserID == 3).ChildrenOfType<SpriteIcon>().First().Alpha == 0);
+                () => this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Single(p => p.Current.Value.User?.UserID == 3).ChildrenOfType<SpriteIcon>().First().Alpha == 0);
 
             AddStep("make second user host", () => MultiplayerClient.TransferHost(3));
 
             AddUntilStep("first user crown visible",
-                () => this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Single(p => p.Current.Value.UserID == 1001).ChildrenOfType<SpriteIcon>().First().Alpha == 0);
+                () => this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Single(p => p.Current.Value.User?.UserID == 1001).ChildrenOfType<SpriteIcon>().First().Alpha == 0);
             AddUntilStep("second user crown hidden",
-                () => this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Single(p => p.Current.Value.UserID == 3).ChildrenOfType<SpriteIcon>().First().Alpha == 1);
+                () => this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Single(p => p.Current.Value.User?.UserID == 3).ChildrenOfType<SpriteIcon>().First().Alpha == 1);
         }
 
         [Test]
@@ -221,8 +284,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Multiplayer
             AddStep("make second user host", () => MultiplayerClient.TransferHost(3));
             AddAssert("second user above first", () =>
             {
-                var first = this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Single(u => u.Current.Value.UserID == 1001);
-                var second = this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Single(u => u.Current.Value.UserID == 3);
+                var first = this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Single(u => u.Current.Value.User?.UserID == 1001);
+                var second = this.ChildrenOfType<ParticipantPanel>().Single(u => u.Current.Value.User?.UserID == 3);
                 return second.ScreenSpaceDrawQuad.TopLeft.Y < first.ScreenSpaceDrawQuad.TopLeft.Y;
             });
         }

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Multiplayer/TestSceneRoomListing.cs

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Multiplayer
 
             AddUntilStep("4 rooms visible", () => container.DrawableRooms.Count(r => r.IsPresent) == 4);
 
-            AddStep("filter one room", () => container.Filter.Value = new FilterCriteria { SearchString = rooms.First().Name });
+            AddStep("filter one room", () => container.Filter.Value = new LoungeFilterCriteria { SearchString = rooms.First().Name });
 
             AddUntilStep("1 rooms visible", () => container.DrawableRooms.Count(r => r.IsPresent) == 1);
 
@@ -160,13 +160,13 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Multiplayer
             AddStep("add rooms", () => rooms.AddRange(GenerateRooms(3, new CatchRuleset().RulesetInfo)));
 
             // Todo: What even is this case...?
-            AddStep("set empty filter criteria", () => container.Filter.Value = new FilterCriteria());
+            AddStep("set empty filter criteria", () => container.Filter.Value = new LoungeFilterCriteria());
             AddUntilStep("5 rooms visible", () => container.DrawableRooms.Count(r => r.IsPresent) == 5);
 
-            AddStep("filter osu! rooms", () => container.Filter.Value = new FilterCriteria { Ruleset = new OsuRuleset().RulesetInfo });
+            AddStep("filter osu! rooms", () => container.Filter.Value = new LoungeFilterCriteria { Ruleset = new OsuRuleset().RulesetInfo });
             AddUntilStep("2 rooms visible", () => container.DrawableRooms.Count(r => r.IsPresent) == 2);
 
-            AddStep("filter catch rooms", () => container.Filter.Value = new FilterCriteria { Ruleset = new CatchRuleset().RulesetInfo });
+            AddStep("filter catch rooms", () => container.Filter.Value = new LoungeFilterCriteria { Ruleset = new CatchRuleset().RulesetInfo });
             AddUntilStep("3 rooms visible", () => container.DrawableRooms.Count(r => r.IsPresent) == 3);
         }
 
@@ -183,11 +183,11 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Multiplayer
 
             AddUntilStep("both rooms visible", () => container.DrawableRooms.Count(r => r.IsPresent) == 2);
 
-            AddStep("filter public rooms", () => container.Filter.Value = new FilterCriteria { Permissions = RoomPermissionsFilter.Public });
+            AddStep("filter public rooms", () => container.Filter.Value = new LoungeFilterCriteria { Permissions = RoomPermissionsFilter.Public });
 
             AddUntilStep("private room hidden", () => container.DrawableRooms.All(r => !r.Room.HasPassword));
 
-            AddStep("filter private rooms", () => container.Filter.Value = new FilterCriteria { Permissions = RoomPermissionsFilter.Private });
+            AddStep("filter private rooms", () => container.Filter.Value = new LoungeFilterCriteria { Permissions = RoomPermissionsFilter.Private });
 
             AddUntilStep("public room hidden", () => container.DrawableRooms.All(r => r.Room.HasPassword));
         }

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Multiplayer/TestSceneRoomPanel.cs

@@ -178,6 +178,23 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Multiplayer
             AddAssert("password icon hidden", () => Precision.AlmostEquals(0, panel.ChildrenOfType<RoomPanel.CornerIcon>().First().Alpha));
         }
 
+        [Test]
+        public void TestSetAndUnsetMaxParticipants()
+        {
+            RoomPanel panel = null!;
+            Room room = null!;
+
+            AddStep("create room", () => Child = panel = createLoungeRoom(room = new Room
+            {
+                Name = "A room",
+                Type = MatchType.HeadToHead,
+            }));
+
+            AddUntilStep("wait for panel load", () => panel.ChildrenOfType<DrawableRoomParticipantsList>().Any());
+            AddStep("set max participants", () => room.MaxParticipants = 5);
+            AddStep("unset max participants", () => room.MaxParticipants = null);
+        }
+
         [Test]
         public void TestMultiplayerRooms()
         {

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Navigation/TestSceneBeatmapEditorNavigation.cs

@@ -114,6 +114,27 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Navigation
                                                        && songSelect.Beatmap.Value is DummyWorkingBeatmap);
         }
 
+        [Test]
+        public void TestEditorRestoresModeOnReload()
+        {
+            prepareBeatmap();
+            openEditor();
+
+            makeMetadataChange(commit: false);
+
+            Editor editor1 = null!;
+
+            AddStep("store current editor", () => editor1 = getEditor());
+
+            AddStep("reload", () => getEditor().SwitchToDifficulty(getEditorBeatmap().BeatmapInfo));
+            AddUntilStep("save dialog displayed", () => Game.ChildrenOfType<DialogOverlay>().SingleOrDefault()?.CurrentDialog is PromptForSaveDialog);
+            AddStep("confirm", () => InputManager.Key(Key.Number1));
+
+            AddUntilStep("wait for editor open", () => Game.ScreenStack.CurrentScreen is Editor editor && editor.ReadyForUse);
+            AddAssert("editor is new instance", () => getEditor() != editor1);
+            AddAssert("mode is still song setup", () => getEditor().Mode.Value == EditorScreenMode.SongSetup);
+        }
+
         [Test]
         public void TestChangeMetadataExitWhileTextboxFocusedPromptsSave()
         {

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneCommentActions.cs

@@ -253,6 +253,11 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Online
                 InputManager.MoveMouseTo(btn);
                 InputManager.Click(MouseButton.Left);
             });
+            AddStep("Set reason to other", () =>
+            {
+                var reason = this.ChildrenOfType<OsuEnumDropdown<CommentReportReason>>().Single();
+                reason.Current.Value = CommentReportReason.Other;
+            });
             AddStep("Try to report", () =>
             {
                 var btn = this.ChildrenOfType<ReportCommentPopover>().Single().ChildrenOfType<RoundedButton>().Single();
@@ -261,12 +266,10 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Online
             });
             AddWaitStep("Wait", 3);
             AddAssert("Nothing happened", () => this.ChildrenOfType<ReportCommentPopover>().Any());
-            AddStep("Set report data", () =>
+            AddStep("Add comment", () =>
             {
                 var field = this.ChildrenOfType<ReportCommentPopover>().Single().ChildrenOfType<OsuTextBox>().First();
                 field.Current.Value = report_text;
-                var reason = this.ChildrenOfType<OsuEnumDropdown<CommentReportReason>>().Single();
-                reason.Current.Value = CommentReportReason.Other;
             });
             AddStep("Try to report", () =>
             {

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneOnlineUserPanel.cs

@@ -56,6 +56,17 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Online
                             {
                                 Username = @"flyte",
                                 Id = 3103765,
+                                Rank = new APIUser.GlobalRank
+                                {
+                                    Rank = null,
+                                },
+                                Team = new APITeam
+                                {
+                                    Id = 2,
+                                    Name = "mom?",
+                                    ShortName = "MOM",
+                                    FlagUrl = "https://assets.ppy.sh/teams/flag/1/b46fb10dbfd8a35dc50e6c00296c0dc6172dffc3ed3d3a4b379277ba498399fe.png",
+                                },
                                 CountryCode = CountryCode.JP,
                                 CoverUrl = @"https://assets.ppy.sh/user-cover-presets/1/df28696b58541a9e67f6755918951d542d93bdf1da41720fcca2fd2c1ea8cf51.jpeg",
                                 WasRecentlyOnline = true
@@ -64,6 +75,17 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Online
                             {
                                 Username = @"peppy",
                                 Id = 2,
+                                Rank = new APIUser.GlobalRank
+                                {
+                                    Rank = 9999999,
+                                },
+                                Team = new APITeam
+                                {
+                                    Id = 2,
+                                    Name = "mom?",
+                                    ShortName = "MOM",
+                                    FlagUrl = "https://assets.ppy.sh/teams/flag/1/b46fb10dbfd8a35dc50e6c00296c0dc6172dffc3ed3d3a4b379277ba498399fe.png",
+                                },
                                 CountryCode = CountryCode.AU,
                                 CoverUrl = @"https://assets.ppy.sh/user-profile-covers/8195163/4a8e2ad5a02a2642b631438cfa6c6bd7e2f9db289be881cb27df18331f64144c.jpeg",
                                 IsSupporter = true,
@@ -72,7 +94,18 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Online
                             new OnlineUserListPanel(new APIUser
                             {
                                 Username = @"flyte",
+                                Rank = new APIUser.GlobalRank
+                                {
+                                    Rank = null,
+                                },
                                 Id = 3103765,
+                                Team = new APITeam
+                                {
+                                    Id = 2,
+                                    Name = "mom?",
+                                    ShortName = "MOM",
+                                    FlagUrl = "https://assets.ppy.sh/teams/flag/1/b46fb10dbfd8a35dc50e6c00296c0dc6172dffc3ed3d3a4b379277ba498399fe.png",
+                                },
                                 CountryCode = CountryCode.JP,
                                 CoverUrl = @"https://assets.ppy.sh/user-cover-presets/1/df28696b58541a9e67f6755918951d542d93bdf1da41720fcca2fd2c1ea8cf51.jpeg",
                                 WasRecentlyOnline = true
@@ -81,6 +114,17 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Online
                             {
                                 Username = @"peppy",
                                 Id = 2,
+                                Rank = new APIUser.GlobalRank
+                                {
+                                    Rank = 9999999,
+                                },
+                                Team = new APITeam
+                                {
+                                    Id = 2,
+                                    Name = "mom?",
+                                    ShortName = "MOM",
+                                    FlagUrl = "https://assets.ppy.sh/teams/flag/1/b46fb10dbfd8a35dc50e6c00296c0dc6172dffc3ed3d3a4b379277ba498399fe.png",
+                                },
                                 CountryCode = CountryCode.AU,
                                 CoverUrl = @"https://assets.ppy.sh/user-profile-covers/8195163/4a8e2ad5a02a2642b631438cfa6c6bd7e2f9db289be881cb27df18331f64144c.jpeg",
                                 LastVisit = DateTimeOffset.Now

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/Online/TestSceneReportPopover.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using osu.Framework.Extensions;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Cursor;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.UserInterface;
+using osu.Framework.Testing;
+using osu.Game.Graphics;
+using osu.Game.Graphics.Containers;
+using osu.Game.Graphics.UserInterface;
+using osu.Game.Graphics.UserInterfaceV2;
+using osu.Game.Online.API;
+using osu.Game.Online.API.Requests;
+using osu.Game.Overlays.Chat;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Online
+{
+    public partial class TestSceneReportPopover : OsuTestScene
+    {
+        private DummyAPIAccess dummyAPI => (DummyAPIAccess)API;
+
+        private ReportPopoverContainer popover = null!;
+
+        [SetUpSteps]
+        public void SetUp()
+        {
+            AddStep("create popover", () =>
+            {
+                Child = new PopoverContainer
+                {
+                    RelativeSizeAxes = Axes.Both,
+                    Child = popover = new ReportPopoverContainer(),
+                };
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestSuccess()
+        {
+            ChatReportRequest pendingRequest = null!;
+
+            AddStep("setup request handling", () =>
+            {
+                dummyAPI.HandleRequest += request =>
+                {
+                    if (request is ChatReportRequest chatReportRequest)
+                    {
+                        pendingRequest = chatReportRequest;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+
+                    return false;
+                };
+            });
+            AddStep("show popover", () => popover.ShowPopover());
+            AddStep("input reason", () => this.ChildrenOfType<OsuTextBox>().First().Text = "reason");
+            AddStep("send report", () => this.ChildrenOfType<Button>().First().TriggerClick());
+            AddUntilStep("wait for loading layer to hide", () => this.ChildrenOfType<LoadingLayer>().First().IsPresent, () => Is.True);
+            AddWaitStep("wait some", 3);
+            AddStep("complete request", () => pendingRequest.TriggerSuccess());
+            AddUntilStep("wait for loading layer to hide", () => this.ChildrenOfType<LoadingLayer>().First().IsPresent, () => Is.False);
+            AddAssert("ensure form is not present", () => this.ChildrenOfType<ReverseChildIDFillFlowContainer<Drawable>>().First().IsPresent, () => Is.False);
+            AddAssert("ensure confirmation is present", () => this.ChildrenOfType<ReportPopover<ChatReportReason>.ReportConfirmation>().First().IsPresent, () => Is.True);
+            AddUntilStep("wait for popover to hide", () => this.ChildrenOfType<ReportPopoverContainer.TestReportPopover>().First().IsPresent, () => Is.False);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestFailure()
+        {
+            ChatReportRequest pendingRequest = null!;
+
+            AddStep("setup request handling", () =>
+            {
+                dummyAPI.HandleRequest += request =>
+                {
+                    if (request is ChatReportRequest chatReportRequest)
+                    {
+                        pendingRequest = chatReportRequest;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+
+                    return false;
+                };
+            });
+            AddStep("show popover", () => popover.ShowPopover());
+            AddStep("input reason", () => this.ChildrenOfType<OsuTextBox>().First().Text = "reason");
+            AddStep("send report", () => this.ChildrenOfType<Button>().First().TriggerClick());
+            AddUntilStep("wait for loading layer to hide", () => this.ChildrenOfType<LoadingLayer>().First().IsPresent, () => Is.True);
+            AddWaitStep("wait some", 3);
+            AddStep("fail request", () => pendingRequest.TriggerFailure(new APIException("test error", new HttpRequestException("test error"))));
+            AddUntilStep("wait for loading layer to hide", () => this.ChildrenOfType<LoadingLayer>().First().IsPresent, () => Is.False);
+            AddAssert("ensure form is present", () => this.ChildrenOfType<ReverseChildIDFillFlowContainer<Drawable>>().First().IsPresent, () => Is.True);
+            AddAssert("ensure error is present", () => this.ChildrenOfType<ErrorTextFlowContainer>().First().IsPresent, () => Is.True);
+            AddAssert("ensure confirmation is not present", () => this.ChildrenOfType<ReportPopover<ChatReportReason>.ReportConfirmation>().First().IsPresent, () => Is.False);
+        }
+
+        protected partial class ReportPopoverContainer : Drawable, IHasPopover
+        {
+            public Popover GetPopover() => new TestReportPopover("test");
+
+            public partial class TestReportPopover : ReportPopover<ChatReportReason>
+            {
+                private IAPIProvider api { get; set; } = null!;
+
+                public TestReportPopover(string name)
+                    : base($"Report {name}?")
+                {
+                }
+
+                protected override APIRequest GetRequest(ChatReportReason reason, string comment) => new ChatReportRequest(1, reason, comment);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/RankedPlay/RankedPlayTestScene.cs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ using osu.Game.Online.API.Requests;
 using osu.Game.Online.API.Requests.Responses;
 using osu.Game.Online.Multiplayer.MatchTypes.RankedPlay;
 using osu.Game.Online.Rooms;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets;
 using osu.Game.Screens.OnlinePlay.Matchmaking.RankedPlay;
 using osu.Game.Tests.Resources;
 using osu.Game.Tests.Visual.Multiplayer;
@@ -18,14 +19,26 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.RankedPlay
     public abstract partial class RankedPlayTestScene : MultiplayerTestScene
     {
         /// <summary>
-        /// Returns 5 sample <see cref="APIBeatmap"/>s.
+        /// Returns 5 sample of the chosen ruleset <see cref="APIBeatmap"/>s.
         /// </summary>
-        protected static APIBeatmap[] GetSampleBeatmaps()
+        protected static APIBeatmap[] GetSampleBeatmaps(RulesetInfo ruleset)
         {
-            using var resourceStream = TestResources.OpenResource("Requests/api-beatmaps-rankedplay.json");
-            using var reader = new StreamReader(resourceStream);
+            switch (ruleset.OnlineID)
+            {
+                case 3:
+                {
+                    using var resourceStream = TestResources.OpenResource("Requests/api-beatmaps-rankedplay-mania4k.json");
+                    using var reader = new StreamReader(resourceStream);
+                    return JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<APIBeatmap[]>(reader.ReadToEnd())!;
+                }
 
-            return JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<APIBeatmap[]>(reader.ReadToEnd())!;
+                default:
+                {
+                    using var resourceStream = TestResources.OpenResource("Requests/api-beatmaps-rankedplay.json");
+                    using var reader = new StreamReader(resourceStream);
+                    return JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<APIBeatmap[]>(reader.ReadToEnd())!;
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -33,7 +46,12 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.RankedPlay
         /// </summary>
         public class BeatmapRequestHandler
         {
-            public readonly APIBeatmap[] Beatmaps = GetSampleBeatmaps();
+            public APIBeatmap[] Beatmaps;
+
+            public BeatmapRequestHandler(RulesetInfo ruleset)
+            {
+                Beatmaps = GetSampleBeatmaps(ruleset);
+            }
 
             public bool HandleRequest(APIRequest request)
             {

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/RankedPlay/TestSceneDiscardScreen.cs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ using osu.Game.Online.API;
 using osu.Game.Online.Multiplayer;
 using osu.Game.Online.Multiplayer.MatchTypes.RankedPlay;
 using osu.Game.Online.Rooms;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu;
 using osu.Game.Screens.OnlinePlay.Matchmaking.RankedPlay;
 
 namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.RankedPlay
@@ -26,7 +27,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.RankedPlay
             AddStep("load screen", () => LoadScreen(screen = new RankedPlayScreen(MultiplayerClient.ClientRoom!)));
             AddUntilStep("screen loaded", () => screen.IsLoaded);
 
-            var requestHandler = new BeatmapRequestHandler();
+            BeatmapRequestHandler requestHandler = null!;
+            AddStep("setup ruleset", () => requestHandler = new BeatmapRequestHandler(new OsuRuleset().RulesetInfo));
 
             AddStep("setup request handler", () => ((DummyAPIAccess)API).HandleRequest = requestHandler.HandleRequest);
 

osu.Game.Tests/Visual/RankedPlay/TestSceneOpponentPickScreen.cs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ using osu.Game.Online.API;
 using osu.Game.Online.Multiplayer;
 using osu.Game.Online.Multiplayer.MatchTypes.RankedPlay;
 using osu.Game.Online.Rooms;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Osu;
 using osu.Game.Screens.OnlinePlay.Matchmaking.RankedPlay;
 
 namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.RankedPlay
@@ -26,7 +27,8 @@ namespace osu.Game.Tests.Visual.RankedPlay
             AddStep("load screen", () => LoadScreen(screen = new RankedPlayScreen(MultiplayerClient.ClientRoom!)));
             AddUntilStep("screen loaded", () => screen.IsLoaded);
 
-            var requestHandler = new BeatmapRequestHandler();
+            BeatmapRequestHandler requestHandler = null!;
+            AddStep("setup ruleset", () => requestHandler = new BeatmapRequestHandler(new OsuRuleset().RulesetInfo));
 
             AddStep("setup request handler", () => ((DummyAPIAccess)API).HandleRequest = requestHandler.HandleRequest);