release 4.10

the allocatorthread got pointers to RAM which were reallocated
behind the back, and if realloc() couldn't grow in-place, lead
to segfaults in applications that do a lot of DNS-lookups such
as webbrowsers.

closes #66
closes #31

thanks to @ravomavain for tracking down the issue.

COPYING

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 		    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
 		       Version 2, June 1991
 
- Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-                          675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
+ Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+ 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
  of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
 

Makefile

@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ sysconfdir=$(prefix)/etc
 SRCS = $(sort $(wildcard src/*.c))
 OBJS = $(SRCS:.c=.o)
 LOBJS = src/nameinfo.o src/version.o \
-        src/core.o src/common.o src/libproxychains.o src/shm.o \
-        src/allocator_thread.o src/ip_type.o src/stringdump.o \
-        src/hostentdb.o src/hash.o src/debug.o
+        src/core.o src/common.o src/libproxychains.o \
+        src/allocator_thread.o src/ip_type.o \
+        src/hostsreader.o src/hash.o src/debug.o
 
 GENH = src/version.h
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/%: %
 $(DESTDIR)$(libdir)/%: %
 	$(INSTALL) -D -m 644 $< $@
 
-$(DESTDIR)$(sysconfdir)/%: %
+$(DESTDIR)$(sysconfdir)/%: src/%
 	$(INSTALL) -D -m 644 $< $@
 
 install-libs: $(ALL_LIBS:%=$(DESTDIR)$(libdir)/%)
@@ -81,10 +81,11 @@ src/version.o: src/version.h
 	$(CC) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS_MAIN) $(INC) $(PIC) -c -o $@ $<
 
 $(LDSO_PATHNAME): $(LOBJS)
-	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(LD_SET_SONAME)$(LDSO_PATHNAME) -o $@ $(LOBJS)
+	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(LD_SET_SONAME)$(LDSO_PATHNAME) $(USER_LDFLAGS) \
+		-o $@ $(LOBJS)
 
 $(ALL_TOOLS): $(OBJS)
-	$(CC) src/main.o src/common.o -o $(PXCHAINS)
+	$(CC) src/main.o src/common.o $(USER_LDFLAGS) -o $(PXCHAINS)
 
 
 .PHONY: all clean install install-config install-libs install-tools

README

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-ProxyChains-NG ver 4.8 README
+ProxyChains-NG ver 4.10 README
 =============================
 
   ProxyChains is a UNIX program, that hooks network-related libc functions
@@ -52,6 +52,19 @@ ProxyChains-NG ver 4.8 README
 
 Changelog:
 ----------
+Version 4.10
+- fix regression in linking order with custom LDFLAGS
+- fix segfault in DNS mapping code in programs with > ~400 different lookups
+
+Version 4.9
+- fix a security issue CVE-2015-3887
+- add sendto hook to handle MSG_FASTOPEN flag
+- replace problematic hostentdb with hostsreader
+- fix compilation on OpenBSD (although doesn't work there)
+
+Version 4.8.1:
+- fix regression in 4.8 install-config Makefile target
+
 Version 4.8:
 - fix for odd cornercase where getaddrinfo was used with AI_NUMERICHOST
   to test for a numeric ip instead of resolving it (fixes nmap).
@@ -66,9 +79,11 @@ Version 4.7:
 - return EBADF rather than EINTR in close hook. 
   it's legal for a program to retry close() calls when they receive
   EINTR, which could cause an infinite loop, as seen in chromium.
+
 Version 4.6:
 - some cosmetic fixes to Makefile, fix a bug when non-numeric ip was
-  user as proxy server address.
+  used as proxy server address.
+
 Version 4.5:
 - hook close() to prevent OpenSSH from messing with internal infrastructure.
   this caused ssh client to segfault when proxified.

VERSION

@@ -1 +1 @@
-4.8
+4.10

configure

@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@ isbsd() {
 	uname -s | grep BSD >/dev/null
 }
 
+isopenbsd() {
+	uname -s | grep OpenBSD >/dev/null
+}
+
 usage() {
 	echo "supported arguments"
 	echo "--prefix=/path 		default: $prefix"
@@ -22,6 +26,9 @@ usage() {
 	echo "--libdir=/path		default: $prefix/lib"
 	echo "--includedir=/path	default: $prefix/include"
 	echo "--sysconfdir=/path	default: $prefix/etc"
+	echo "--ignore-cve		default: no"
+	echo "	if set to yes ignores CVE-2015-3887 and makes it possible"
+	echo "	to preload from current dir (insecure)"
 	ismac && isx86_64 && echo "--fat-binary : build for both i386 and x86_64 architectures on 64-bit Macs"
 	echo "--help : show this text"
 	exit 1
@@ -35,7 +42,7 @@ spliteq() {
 }
 
 fat_binary=
-
+ignore_cve=no
 parsearg() {
 	case "$1" in
 	--prefix=*) prefix=`spliteq $1`;;
@@ -44,6 +51,8 @@ parsearg() {
 	--libdir=*) libdir=`spliteq $1`;;
 	--includedir=*) includedir=`spliteq $1`;;
 	--sysconfdir=*) sysconfdir=`spliteq $1`;;
+	--ignore-cve) ignore_cve=1;;
+	--ignore-cve=*) ignore_cve=`spliteq $1`;;
 	--fat-binary) fat_binary=1;;
 	--help) usage;;
 	esac
@@ -83,12 +92,14 @@ fi
 echo CC?=$CC>config.mak
 [ -z "$CPPFLAGS" ] || echo CPPFLAGS?=$CPPFLAGS>>config.mak
 [ -z "$CFLAGS" ] || echo USER_CFLAGS?=$CFLAGS>>config.mak
+[ -z "$LDFLAGS" ] || echo USER_LDFLAGS?=$LDFLAGS>>config.mak
 echo prefix=$prefix>>config.mak
 echo exec_prefix=$exec_prefix>>config.mak
 echo bindir=$bindir>>config.mak
 echo libdir=$libdir>>config.mak
 echo includedir=$includedir>>config.mak
 echo sysconfdir=$sysconfdir>>config.mak
+[ "$ignore_cve" = "no" ] && echo CPPFLAGS+= -DSUPER_SECURE>>config.mak
 make_cmd=make
 if ismac ; then
 	echo NO_AS_NEEDED=>>config.mak
@@ -103,6 +114,7 @@ if ismac ; then
 elif isbsd ; then
 	echo LIBDL=>>config.mak
 	echo "CFLAGS+=-DIS_BSD">>config.mak
+	isopenbsd && echo "CFLAGS+=-DIS_OPENBSD">>config.mak
 	make_cmd=gmake
 fi
 

src/allocator_thread.c

@@ -10,12 +10,10 @@
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include "allocator_thread.h"
-#include "shm.h"
 #include "debug.h"
 #include "ip_type.h"
 #include "mutex.h"
 #include "hash.h"
-#include "stringdump.h"
 
 /* stuff for our internal translation table */
 
@@ -30,6 +28,12 @@ typedef struct {
 	string_hash_tuple** list;
 } internal_ip_lookup_table;
 
+static void *dumpstring(char* s, size_t len) {
+	char* p = malloc(len);
+	if(p) memcpy(p, s, len);
+	return p;
+}
+
 pthread_mutex_t internal_ips_lock;
 internal_ip_lookup_table *internal_ips = NULL;
 internal_ip_lookup_table internal_ips_buf;

src/core.c

@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@
 
 #include "core.h"
 #include "common.h"
-#include "shm.h"
 #include "allocator_thread.h"
 
 extern int tcp_read_time_out;
@@ -719,11 +718,7 @@ int connect_proxy_chain(int sock, ip_type target_ip,
 	return -1;
 }
 
-#include "hostentdb.h"
-struct hostent_list hl;
-
 void core_initialize(void) {
-	hdb_init(&hl);
 }
 
 void core_unload(void) {
@@ -734,6 +729,7 @@ static void gethostbyname_data_setstring(struct gethostbyname_data* data, char*
 	data->hostent_space.h_name = data->addr_name;
 }
 
+extern ip_type hostsreader_get_numeric_ip_for_name(const char* name);
 struct hostent *proxy_gethostbyname(const char *name, struct gethostbyname_data* data) {
 	PFUNC();
 	char buff[256];
@@ -758,10 +754,8 @@ struct hostent *proxy_gethostbyname(const char *name, struct gethostbyname_data*
 		goto retname;
 	}
 
-	memset(buff, 0, sizeof(buff));
-
 	// this iterates over the "known hosts" db, usually /etc/hosts
-	ip_type hdb_res = hdb_get(&hl, (char*) name);
+	ip_type hdb_res = hostsreader_get_numeric_ip_for_name(name);
 	if(hdb_res.as_int != ip_type_invalid.as_int) {
 		data->resolved_addr = hdb_res.as_int;
 		goto retname;
@@ -790,8 +784,12 @@ void proxy_freeaddrinfo(struct addrinfo *res) {
 	free(res);
 }
 
-#ifdef IS_MAC
-/* getservbyname on mac is using thread local storage, so we dont need mutex */
+#if defined(IS_MAC) || defined(IS_OPENBSD)
+#ifdef IS_OPENBSD /* OpenBSD has its own incompatible getservbyname_r */
+#define getservbyname_r mygetservbyname_r
+#endif
+/* getservbyname on mac is using thread local storage, so we dont need mutex 
+   TODO: check if the same applies to OpenBSD */
 static int getservbyname_r(const char* name, const char* proto, struct servent* result_buf, 
 			   char* buf, size_t buflen, struct servent** result) {
 	PFUNC();
@@ -858,6 +856,9 @@ int proxy_getaddrinfo(const char *node, const char *service, const struct addrin
 		p->ai_flags = hints->ai_flags;
 		p->ai_protocol = hints->ai_protocol;
 	} else {
+#ifndef AI_V4MAPPED
+#define AI_V4MAPPED 0
+#endif
 		p->ai_flags = (AI_V4MAPPED | AI_ADDRCONFIG);
 	}
 

src/core.h

@@ -95,6 +95,10 @@ typedef int (*getaddrinfo_t)(const char *, const char *, const struct addrinfo *
 typedef int (*getnameinfo_t) (const struct sockaddr *, socklen_t, char *, 
 			      socklen_t, char *, socklen_t, int);
 
+typedef ssize_t (*sendto_t) (int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags,
+			     const struct sockaddr *dest_addr, socklen_t addrlen);
+
+
 
 extern connect_t true_connect;
 extern gethostbyname_t true_gethostbyname;

src/hostentdb.c

@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-
-#include "ip_type.h"
-#include "hash.h"
-#include "stringdump.h"
-#include "hostentdb.h"
-#include "common.h"
-#include "debug.h"
-
-#define STEP 16
-static void hdb_add(struct hostent_list* hl, char* host, ip_type ip) {
-	if(hl->count +1 > hl->capa) {
-		void * nu = realloc(hl->entries, (hl->capa + STEP) * sizeof(struct hostent_entry));
-		if(!nu) return;
-		hl->entries = nu;
-		hl->capa += STEP;
-	}
-	struct hostent_entry *h = &hl->entries[hl->count];
-	h->hash = dalias_hash(host);
-	h->ip.as_int = ip.as_int;
-	h->str = dumpstring(host, strlen(host) + 1); 
-	if(h->str) hl->count++;
-}
-
-static void hdb_fill(struct hostent_list *hl) {
-#ifndef IS_BSD
-	struct hostent* hp;
-	while((hp = gethostent()))
-		if(hp->h_addrtype == AF_INET && hp->h_length == sizeof(in_addr_t)) {
-			hdb_add(hl, hp->h_name, (ip_type) { .as_int = *((in_addr_t*)(hp->h_addr_list[0])) });
-		}
-#else
-	/* FreeBSD hangs on gethostent(). since this feature is not crucial, we just do nothing */
-	(void) hl;
-#endif
-}
-
-void hdb_init(struct hostent_list *hl) {
-	memset(hl, 0, sizeof *hl);
-	hdb_fill(hl);
-}
-
-ip_type hdb_get(struct hostent_list *hl, char* host) {
-	size_t i;
-	PFUNC();
-	uint32_t hash = dalias_hash(host);
-	for(i = 0; i < hl->count; i++) {
-		if(hl->entries[i].hash == hash && !strcmp(hl->entries[i].str, host)) {
-		#ifdef DEBUG
-			char ipbuf[16];
-			pc_stringfromipv4(hl->entries[i].ip.octet, ipbuf);
-			PDEBUG("got ip %s for hostent entry %s\n", ipbuf, host);
-		#endif
-			return hl->entries[i].ip;
-		}
-	}
-	return ip_type_invalid;
-}

src/hostentdb.h

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef HOSTENTDB_H
-#define HOSTENTDB_H
-
-#include "ip_type.h"
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-struct hostent_entry {
-	uint32_t hash;
-	ip_type ip;
-	char* str;
-};
-
-struct hostent_list {
-	size_t count;
-	size_t capa;
-	struct hostent_entry *entries;
-};
-
-void hdb_init(struct hostent_list *hl);
-ip_type hdb_get(struct hostent_list *hl, char* host);
-
-//RcB: DEP "hostendb.c"
-#endif

src/hostsreader.c

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+/*
+   simple reader for /etc/hosts
+   it only supports comments, blank lines and lines consisting of an ipv4 hostname pair.
+   this is required so we can return entries from the host db without messing up the
+   non-thread-safe state of libc's gethostent().
+
+*/
+
+struct hostsreader {
+	FILE *f;
+	char* ip, *name;
+};
+
+int hostsreader_open(struct hostsreader *ctx) {
+	if(!(ctx->f = fopen("/etc/hosts", "r"))) return 0;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+void hostsreader_close(struct hostsreader *ctx) {
+	fclose(ctx->f);
+}
+
+static int isnumericipv4(const char* ipstring);
+int hostsreader_get(struct hostsreader *ctx, char* buf, size_t bufsize) {
+	while(1) {
+		if(!fgets(buf, bufsize, ctx->f)) return 0;
+		if(*buf == '#') continue;
+		char *p = buf;
+		size_t l = bufsize;
+		ctx->ip = p;
+		while(*p && !isspace(*p) && l) {
+			p++;
+			l--;
+		}
+		if(!l || !*p || p == ctx->ip) continue;
+		*p = 0;
+		p++;
+		while(*p && isspace(*p) && l) {
+			p++;
+			l--;
+		}
+		if(!l || !*p) continue;
+		ctx->name = buf;
+		while(*p && !isspace(*p) && l) {
+			p++;
+			l--;
+		}
+		if(!l || !*p) continue;
+		*p = 0;
+		if(isnumericipv4(ctx->ip)) return 1;
+	}
+}
+
+char* hostsreader_get_ip_for_name(const char* name, char* buf, size_t bufsize) {
+	struct hostsreader ctx;
+	char *res = 0;
+	if(!hostsreader_open(&ctx)) return 0;
+	while(hostsreader_get(&ctx, buf, bufsize)) {
+		if(!strcmp(ctx.name, name)) {
+			res = ctx.ip;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	hostsreader_close(&ctx);
+	return res;
+}
+
+#include "ip_type.h"
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+ip_type hostsreader_get_numeric_ip_for_name(const char* name) {
+	char *hres;
+	char buf[320];
+	if((hres = hostsreader_get_ip_for_name(name, buf, sizeof buf))) {
+		struct in_addr c;
+		inet_aton(hres, &c);
+		ip_type res;
+		memcpy(res.octet, &c.s_addr, 4);
+		return res;
+	} else return ip_type_invalid;
+}
+
+#ifdef HOSTSREADER_TEST
+int main() {
+	char buf[256];
+	char * ret = hostsreader_get_ip_for_name("goo", buf, sizeof buf);
+	printf("%s\n", ret ? ret : "null");
+}
+#endif
+
+/* isnumericipv4() taken from libulz */
+static int isnumericipv4(const char* ipstring) {
+	size_t x = 0, n = 0, d = 0;
+	int wasdot = 0;
+	while(1) {
+		switch(ipstring[x]) {
+			case 0: goto done;
+			case '.':
+				if(!n || wasdot) return 0;
+				d++;
+				wasdot = 1;
+				break;
+			case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
+			case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
+				n++;
+				wasdot = 0;
+				break;
+			default:
+				return 0;
+		}
+		x++;
+	}
+	done:
+	if(d == 3 && n >= 4 && n <= 12) return 1;
+	return 0;
+}

src/libproxychains.c

@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ getaddrinfo_t true_getaddrinfo;
 freeaddrinfo_t true_freeaddrinfo;
 getnameinfo_t true_getnameinfo;
 gethostbyaddr_t true_gethostbyaddr;
+sendto_t true_sendto;
 
 int tcp_read_time_out;
 int tcp_connect_time_out;
@@ -94,15 +95,12 @@ static void* load_sym(char* symname, void* proxyfunc) {
 
 #define SETUP_SYM(X) do { true_ ## X = load_sym( # X, X ); } while(0)
 
-#include "shm.h"
 #include "allocator_thread.h"
-#include "stringdump.h"
 
 const char *proxychains_get_version(void);
 
 static void do_init(void) {
 	srand(time(NULL));
-	dumpstring_init(); // global string garbage can
 	core_initialize();
 	at_init();
 
@@ -113,6 +111,7 @@ static void do_init(void) {
 	proxychains_write_log(LOG_PREFIX "DLL init: proxychains-ng %s\n", proxychains_get_version());
 
 	SETUP_SYM(connect);
+	SETUP_SYM(sendto);
 	SETUP_SYM(gethostbyname);
 	SETUP_SYM(getaddrinfo);
 	SETUP_SYM(freeaddrinfo);
@@ -479,3 +478,20 @@ struct hostent *gethostbyaddr(const void *addr, socklen_t len, int type) {
 	}
 	return NULL;
 }
+
+#ifndef MSG_FASTOPEN
+#   define MSG_FASTOPEN 0x20000000
+#endif
+
+ssize_t sendto(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags,
+	       const struct sockaddr *dest_addr, socklen_t addrlen) {
+	if (flags & MSG_FASTOPEN) {
+		if (!connect(sockfd, dest_addr, addrlen) && errno != EINPROGRESS) {
+			return -1;
+		}
+		dest_addr = NULL;
+		addrlen = 0;
+		flags &= ~MSG_FASTOPEN;
+	}
+	return true_sendto(sockfd, buf, len, flags, dest_addr, addrlen);
+}

src/main.c

@@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ static const char *dll_name = DLL_NAME;
 
 static char own_dir[256];
 static const char *dll_dirs[] = {
+#ifndef SUPER_SECURE /* CVE-2015-3887 */
 	".",
+#endif
 	own_dir,
 	LIB_DIR,
 	"/lib",
@@ -48,7 +50,11 @@ static void set_own_dir(const char *argv0) {
 	while(l && argv0[l - 1] != '/')
 		l--;
 	if(l == 0)
+#ifdef SUPER_SECURE
+		memcpy(own_dir, "/dev/null/", 11);
+#else
 		memcpy(own_dir, ".", 2);
+#endif
 	else {
 		memcpy(own_dir, argv0, l - 1);
 		own_dir[l] = 0;

src/shm.c

@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <limits.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#ifndef PAGE_SIZE
-#define PAGE_SIZE 4096
-#endif
-#include "shm.h"
-#include "debug.h"
-
-#if 0
-#include <sys/mman.h>
-#include <sys/ipc.h>
-#include <sys/shm.h>
-
-/* allocates shared memory which can be accessed from the parent and its childs */
-void *shm_realloc(void* old, size_t old_size, size_t new_size) {
-	//PFUNC();
-	void *nu = mmap(NULL, new_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED | MAP_ANON, -1, 0);
-	if(old) {
-		if(!nu) return NULL;
-		assert(new_size >= old_size);
-		memcpy(nu, old, old_size);
-		munmap(old, old_size);
-	}
-	return nu;
-}
-#endif
-
-void stringpool_init(struct stringpool* sp) {
-	PFUNC();
-	memset(sp, 0, sizeof *sp);
-}
-
-char* stringpool_add(struct stringpool *sp, char* s, size_t len) {
-	//PFUNC();
-	if(len > sp->alloced - sp->used) {
-		size_t newsz = sp->used + len;
-		size_t inc = PAGE_SIZE - (newsz % PAGE_SIZE);
-		newsz += (inc == PAGE_SIZE) ? 0 : inc;
-		void* p = realloc(sp->start, newsz);
-		if(p) {
-			sp->start = p;
-			sp->alloced = newsz;
-		} else 
-			return 0;
-	}
-	char* ret = sp->start + sp->used;
-	memcpy(ret, s, len);
-	sp->used += len;
-	return ret;
-}

src/shm.h

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef SHM_H
-#define SHM_H
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-struct stringpool {
-	size_t alloced;
-	size_t used;
-	char* start;
-};
-
-void stringpool_init(struct stringpool* sp);
-char* stringpool_add(struct stringpool *sp, char* s, size_t len);
-#if 0
-void *shm_realloc(void* old, size_t old_size, size_t new_size);
-#endif
-//RcB: DEP "shm.c"
-#endif

src/stringdump.c

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-#include "stringdump.h"
-#include "debug.h"
-
-struct stringpool mem;
-
-char *dumpstring(char* s, size_t len) {
-	PFUNC();
-	return stringpool_add(&mem, s, len);
-}
-
-void dumpstring_init(void) {
-	stringpool_init(&mem);
-}

src/stringdump.h

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef STRINGDUMP_H
-#define STRINGDUMP_H
-
-#include "shm.h"
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-char *dumpstring(char* s, size_t len);
-void dumpstring_init(void);
-
-//RcB: DEP "stringdump.h"
-
-#endif

tests/test_sendto.c

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <netdb.h>
+
+#ifndef MSG_FASTOPEN
+#   define MSG_FASTOPEN 0x20000000
+#endif
+
+void error(const char *msg)
+{
+	perror(msg);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	if (argc < 4) {
+		printf("Usage: %s host port method(connect or sendto)\n", argv[0]);
+		return 1;
+	}
+	const char *hostname = argv[1];
+	const int portno = atoi(argv[2]);
+	const char *method = argv[3];
+	char request[BUFSIZ];
+	sprintf(request, "GET / HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\n\r\n", hostname);
+	int sockfd, n;
+	struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
+	struct hostent *server;
+
+	char buffer[BUFSIZ];
+	sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+	if (sockfd < 0) error("ERROR opening socket");
+	server = gethostbyname(hostname);
+	if (server == NULL) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s: no such host\n", hostname);
+		return 1;
+	}
+	memset(&serv_addr, 0, sizeof(serv_addr));
+	serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
+	memcpy(&serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr, server->h_addr, server->h_length);
+	serv_addr.sin_port = htons(portno);
+	if (!strcmp(method, "connect")) {
+	  if (connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr)) < 0)
+		  error("connect");
+	  n = send(sockfd, request, strlen(request), 0);
+	} else if (!strcmp(method, "sendto")) {
+	  n = sendto(sockfd, request, strlen(request), MSG_FASTOPEN, (struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr));
+	} else {
+	  printf("Unknown method %s\n", method);
+	  return 1;
+	}
+	if (n < 0)
+		 error("send");
+	memset(buffer, 0, BUFSIZ);
+	n = read(sockfd, buffer, BUFSIZ - 1);
+	if (n < 0)
+		 error("ERROR reading from socket");
+	printf("%s\n", buffer);
+	close(sockfd);
+	return 0;
+}