youtube-dl/youtube_dl/extractor/youtube.py

# coding: utf-8

import itertools
import json
import os.path
import re
import traceback

from .common import InfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor
from .subtitles import SubtitlesInfoExtractor
from ..jsinterp import JSInterpreter
from ..swfinterp import SWFInterpreter
from ..utils import (
    compat_chr,
    compat_parse_qs,
    compat_urllib_parse,
    compat_urllib_request,
    compat_urlparse,
    compat_str,

    clean_html,
    get_element_by_id,
    get_element_by_attribute,
    ExtractorError,
    int_or_none,
    PagedList,
    unescapeHTML,
    unified_strdate,
    orderedSet,
    uppercase_escape,
)

class YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
    """Provide base functions for Youtube extractors"""
    _LOGIN_URL = 'https://accounts.google.com/ServiceLogin'
    _TWOFACTOR_URL = 'https://accounts.google.com/SecondFactor'
    _LANG_URL = r'https://www.youtube.com/?hl=en&persist_hl=1&gl=US&persist_gl=1&opt_out_ackd=1'
    _AGE_URL = 'https://www.youtube.com/verify_age?next_url=/&gl=US&hl=en'
    _NETRC_MACHINE = 'youtube'
    # If True it will raise an error if no login info is provided
    _LOGIN_REQUIRED = False

    def _set_language(self):
        return bool(self._download_webpage(
            self._LANG_URL, None,
            note=u'Setting language', errnote='unable to set language',
            fatal=False))

    def _login(self):
        """
        Attempt to log in to YouTube.
        True is returned if successful or skipped.
        False is returned if login failed.

        If _LOGIN_REQUIRED is set and no authentication was provided, an error is raised.
        """
        (username, password) = self._get_login_info()
        # No authentication to be performed
        if username is None:
            if self._LOGIN_REQUIRED:
                raise ExtractorError(u'No login info available, needed for using %s.' % self.IE_NAME, expected=True)
            return True

        login_page = self._download_webpage(
            self._LOGIN_URL, None,
            note=u'Downloading login page',
            errnote=u'unable to fetch login page', fatal=False)
        if login_page is False:
            return

        galx = self._search_regex(r'(?s)<input.+?name="GALX".+?value="(.+?)"',
                                  login_page, u'Login GALX parameter')

        # Log in
        login_form_strs = {
                u'continue': u'https://www.youtube.com/signin?action_handle_signin=true&feature=sign_in_button&hl=en_US&nomobiletemp=1',
                u'Email': username,
                u'GALX': galx,
                u'Passwd': password,

                u'PersistentCookie': u'yes',
                u'_utf8': u'霱',
                u'bgresponse': u'js_disabled',
                u'checkConnection': u'',
                u'checkedDomains': u'youtube',
                u'dnConn': u'',
                u'pstMsg': u'0',
                u'rmShown': u'1',
                u'secTok': u'',
                u'signIn': u'Sign in',
                u'timeStmp': u'',
                u'service': u'youtube',
                u'uilel': u'3',
                u'hl': u'en_US',
        }

        # Convert to UTF-8 *before* urlencode because Python 2.x's urlencode
        # chokes on unicode
        login_form = dict((k.encode('utf-8'), v.encode('utf-8')) for k,v in login_form_strs.items())
        login_data = compat_urllib_parse.urlencode(login_form).encode('ascii')

        req = compat_urllib_request.Request(self._LOGIN_URL, login_data)
        login_results = self._download_webpage(
            req, None,
            note=u'Logging in', errnote=u'unable to log in', fatal=False)
        if login_results is False:
            return False

        if re.search(r'id="errormsg_0_Passwd"', login_results) is not None:
            raise ExtractorError(u'Please use your account password and a two-factor code instead of an application-specific password.', expected=True)

        # Two-Factor
        # TODO add SMS and phone call support - these require making a request and then prompting the user

        if re.search(r'(?i)<form[^>]* id="gaia_secondfactorform"', login_results) is not None:
            tfa_code = self._get_tfa_info()

            if tfa_code is None:
                self._downloader.report_warning(u'Two-factor authentication required. Provide it with --twofactor <code>')
                self._downloader.report_warning(u'(Note that only TOTP (Google Authenticator App) codes work at this time.)')
                return False

            # Unlike the first login form, secTok and timeStmp are both required for the TFA form

            match = re.search(r'id="secTok"\n\s+value=\'(.+)\'/>', login_results, re.M | re.U)
            if match is None:
                self._downloader.report_warning(u'Failed to get secTok - did the page structure change?')
            secTok = match.group(1)
            match = re.search(r'id="timeStmp"\n\s+value=\'(.+)\'/>', login_results, re.M | re.U)
            if match is None:
                self._downloader.report_warning(u'Failed to get timeStmp - did the page structure change?')
            timeStmp = match.group(1)

            tfa_form_strs = {
                u'continue': u'https://www.youtube.com/signin?action_handle_signin=true&feature=sign_in_button&hl=en_US&nomobiletemp=1',
                u'smsToken': u'',
                u'smsUserPin': tfa_code,
                u'smsVerifyPin': u'Verify',

                u'PersistentCookie': u'yes',
                u'checkConnection': u'',
                u'checkedDomains': u'youtube',
                u'pstMsg': u'1',
                u'secTok': secTok,
                u'timeStmp': timeStmp,
                u'service': u'youtube',
                u'hl': u'en_US',
            }
            tfa_form = dict((k.encode('utf-8'), v.encode('utf-8')) for k,v in tfa_form_strs.items())
            tfa_data = compat_urllib_parse.urlencode(tfa_form).encode('ascii')

            tfa_req = compat_urllib_request.Request(self._TWOFACTOR_URL, tfa_data)
            tfa_results = self._download_webpage(
                tfa_req, None,
                note=u'Submitting TFA code', errnote=u'unable to submit tfa', fatal=False)

            if tfa_results is False:
                return False

            if re.search(r'(?i)<form[^>]* id="gaia_secondfactorform"', tfa_results) is not None:
                self._downloader.report_warning(u'Two-factor code expired. Please try again, or use a one-use backup code instead.')
                return False
            if re.search(r'(?i)<form[^>]* id="gaia_loginform"', tfa_results) is not None:
                self._downloader.report_warning(u'unable to log in - did the page structure change?')
                return False
            if re.search(r'smsauth-interstitial-reviewsettings', tfa_results) is not None:
                self._downloader.report_warning(u'Your Google account has a security notice. Please log in on your web browser, resolve the notice, and try again.')
                return False

        if re.search(r'(?i)<form[^>]* id="gaia_loginform"', login_results) is not None:
            self._downloader.report_warning(u'unable to log in: bad username or password')
            return False
        return True

    def _confirm_age(self):
        age_form = {
            'next_url': '/',
            'action_confirm': 'Confirm',
        }
        req = compat_urllib_request.Request(self._AGE_URL,
            compat_urllib_parse.urlencode(age_form).encode('ascii'))

        self._download_webpage(
            req, None,
            note=u'Confirming age', errnote=u'Unable to confirm age')
        return True

    def _real_initialize(self):
        if self._downloader is None:
            return
        if not self._set_language():
            return
        if not self._login():
            return
        self._confirm_age()


class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor, SubtitlesInfoExtractor):
    IE_DESC = u'YouTube.com'
    _VALID_URL = r"""(?x)^
                     (
                         (?:https?://|//)?                                    # http(s):// or protocol-independent URL (optional)
                         (?:(?:(?:(?:\w+\.)?[yY][oO][uU][tT][uU][bB][eE](?:-nocookie)?\.com/|
                            (?:www\.)?deturl\.com/www\.youtube\.com/|
                            (?:www\.)?pwnyoutube\.com/|
                            (?:www\.)?yourepeat\.com/|
                            tube\.majestyc\.net/|
                            youtube\.googleapis\.com/)                        # the various hostnames, with wildcard subdomains
                         (?:.*?\#/)?                                          # handle anchor (#/) redirect urls
                         (?:                                                  # the various things that can precede the ID:
                             (?:(?:v|embed|e)/)                               # v/ or embed/ or e/
                             |(?:                                             # or the v= param in all its forms
                                 (?:(?:watch|movie)(?:_popup)?(?:\.php)?/?)?  # preceding watch(_popup|.php) or nothing (like /?v=xxxx)
                                 (?:\?|\#!?)                                  # the params delimiter ? or # or #!
                                 (?:.*?&)?                                    # any other preceding param (like /?s=tuff&v=xxxx)
                                 v=
                             )
                         ))
                         |youtu\.be/                                          # just youtu.be/xxxx
                         |https?://(?:www\.)?cleanvideosearch\.com/media/action/yt/watch\?videoId=
                         )
                     )?                                                       # all until now is optional -> you can pass the naked ID
                     ([0-9A-Za-z_-]{11})                                      # here is it! the YouTube video ID
                     (?(1).+)?                                                # if we found the ID, everything can follow
                     $"""
    _NEXT_URL_RE = r'[\?&]next_url=([^&]+)'
    _formats = {
        '5': {'ext': 'flv', 'width': 400, 'height': 240},
        '6': {'ext': 'flv', 'width': 450, 'height': 270},
        '13': {'ext': '3gp'},
        '17': {'ext': '3gp', 'width': 176, 'height': 144},
        '18': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 640, 'height': 360},
        '22': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 1280, 'height': 720},
        '34': {'ext': 'flv', 'width': 640, 'height': 360},
        '35': {'ext': 'flv', 'width': 854, 'height': 480},
        '36': {'ext': '3gp', 'width': 320, 'height': 240},
        '37': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 1920, 'height': 1080},
        '38': {'ext': 'mp4', 'width': 4096, 'height': 3072},
        '43': {'ext': 'webm', 'width': 640, 'height': 360},
        '44': {'ext': 'webm', 'width': 854, 'height': 480},
        '45': {'ext': 'webm', 'width': 1280, 'height': 720},
        '46': {'ext': 'webm', 'width': 1920, 'height': 1080},


        # 3d videos
        '82': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 360, 'format_note': '3D', 'preference': -20},
        '83': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 480, 'format_note': '3D', 'preference': -20},
        '84': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 720, 'format_note': '3D', 'preference': -20},
        '85': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': '3D', 'preference': -20},
        '100': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 360, 'format_note': '3D', 'preference': -20},
        '101': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'format_note': '3D', 'preference': -20},
        '102': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 720, 'format_note': '3D', 'preference': -20},

        # Apple HTTP Live Streaming
        '92': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 240, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'preference': -10},
        '93': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 360, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'preference': -10},
        '94': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'preference': -10},
        '95': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 720, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'preference': -10},
        '96': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'preference': -10},
        '132': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 240, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'preference': -10},
        '151': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 72, 'format_note': 'HLS', 'preference': -10},

        # DASH mp4 video
        '133': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 240, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'preference': -40},
        '134': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 360, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'preference': -40},
        '135': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'preference': -40},
        '136': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 720, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'preference': -40},
        '137': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'preference': -40},
        '138': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 2160, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'preference': -40},
        '160': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 144, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'preference': -40},
        '264': {'ext': 'mp4', 'height': 1440, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'preference': -40},

        # Dash mp4 audio
        '139': {'ext': 'm4a', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'vcodec': 'none', 'abr': 48, 'preference': -50},
        '140': {'ext': 'm4a', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'vcodec': 'none', 'abr': 128, 'preference': -50},
        '141': {'ext': 'm4a', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'vcodec': 'none', 'abr': 256, 'preference': -50},

        # Dash webm
        '167': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 360, 'width': 640, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'VP8', 'preference': -40},
        '168': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'width': 854, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'VP8', 'preference': -40},
        '169': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 720, 'width': 1280, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'VP8', 'preference': -40},
        '170': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 1080, 'width': 1920, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'VP8', 'preference': -40},
        '218': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'width': 854, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'VP8', 'preference': -40},
        '219': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'width': 854, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'container': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'VP8', 'preference': -40},
        '242': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 240, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'preference': -40},
        '243': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 360, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'preference': -40},
        '244': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'preference': -40},
        '245': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'preference': -40},
        '246': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 480, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'preference': -40},
        '247': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 720, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'preference': -40},
        '248': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 1080, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'preference': -40},
        '271': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 1440, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'preference': -40},
        '272': {'ext': 'webm', 'height': 2160, 'format_note': 'DASH video', 'acodec': 'none', 'preference': -40},

        # Dash webm audio
        '171': {'ext': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'none', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'abr': 128, 'preference': -50},
        '172': {'ext': 'webm', 'vcodec': 'none', 'format_note': 'DASH audio', 'abr': 256, 'preference': -50},

        # RTMP (unnamed)
        '_rtmp': {'protocol': 'rtmp'},
    }

    IE_NAME = u'youtube'
    _TESTS = [
        {
            u"url":  u"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc",
            u"file":  u"BaW_jenozKc.mp4",
            u"info_dict": {
                u"title": u"youtube-dl test video \"'/\\ä↭𝕐",
                u"uploader": u"Philipp Hagemeister",
                u"uploader_id": u"phihag",
                u"upload_date": u"20121002",
                u"description": u"test chars:  \"'/\\ä↭𝕐\ntest URL: https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/1892\n\nThis is a test video for youtube-dl.\n\nFor more information, contact phihag@phihag.de .",
                u"categories": [u'Science & Technology'],
                'like_count': int,
                'dislike_count': int,
            }
        },
        {
            u"url":  u"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UxxajLWwzqY",
            u"file":  u"UxxajLWwzqY.mp4",
            u"note": u"Test generic use_cipher_signature video (#897)",
            u"info_dict": {
                u"upload_date": u"20120506",
                u"title": u"Icona Pop - I Love It (feat. Charli XCX) [OFFICIAL VIDEO]",
                u"description": u"md5:fea86fda2d5a5784273df5c7cc994d9f",
                u"uploader": u"Icona Pop",
                u"uploader_id": u"IconaPop"
            }
        },
        {
            u"url":  u"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07FYdnEawAQ",
            u"file":  u"07FYdnEawAQ.mp4",
            u"note": u"Test VEVO video with age protection (#956)",
            u"info_dict": {
                u"upload_date": u"20130703",
                u"title": u"Justin Timberlake - Tunnel Vision (Explicit)",
                u"description": u"md5:64249768eec3bc4276236606ea996373",
                u"uploader": u"justintimberlakeVEVO",
                u"uploader_id": u"justintimberlakeVEVO"
            }
        },
        {
            u"url":  u"//www.YouTube.com/watch?v=yZIXLfi8CZQ",
            u"file":  u"yZIXLfi8CZQ.mp4",
            u"note": u"Embed-only video (#1746)",
            u"info_dict": {
                u"upload_date": u"20120608",
                u"title": u"Principal Sexually Assaults A Teacher - Episode 117 - 8th June 2012",
                u"description": u"md5:09b78bd971f1e3e289601dfba15ca4f7",
                u"uploader": u"SET India",
                u"uploader_id": u"setindia"
            }
        },
        {
            u"url": u"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9LDPn-MO4I",
            u"file": u"a9LDPn-MO4I.m4a",
            u"note": u"256k DASH audio (format 141) via DASH manifest",
            u"info_dict": {
                u"upload_date": "20121002",
                u"uploader_id": "8KVIDEO",
                u"description": "No description available.",
                u"uploader": "8KVIDEO",
                u"title": "UHDTV TEST 8K VIDEO.mp4"
            },
            u"params": {
                u"youtube_include_dash_manifest": True,
                u"format": "141",
            },
        },
        # DASH manifest with encrypted signature
        {
            u'url': u'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IB3lcPjvWLA',
            u'info_dict': {
                u'id': u'IB3lcPjvWLA',
                u'ext': u'm4a',
                u'title': u'Afrojack - The Spark ft. Spree Wilson',
                u'description': u'md5:9717375db5a9a3992be4668bbf3bc0a8',
                u'uploader': u'AfrojackVEVO',
                u'uploader_id': u'AfrojackVEVO',
                u'upload_date': u'20131011',
            },
            u"params": {
                u'youtube_include_dash_manifest': True,
                u'format': '141',
            },
        },
    ]


    @classmethod
    def suitable(cls, url):
        """Receives a URL and returns True if suitable for this IE."""
        if YoutubePlaylistIE.suitable(url): return False
        return re.match(cls._VALID_URL, url) is not None

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super(YoutubeIE, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self._player_cache = {}

    def report_video_info_webpage_download(self, video_id):
        """Report attempt to download video info webpage."""
        self.to_screen(u'%s: Downloading video info webpage' % video_id)

    def report_information_extraction(self, video_id):
        """Report attempt to extract video information."""
        self.to_screen(u'%s: Extracting video information' % video_id)

    def report_unavailable_format(self, video_id, format):
        """Report extracted video URL."""
        self.to_screen(u'%s: Format %s not available' % (video_id, format))

    def report_rtmp_download(self):
        """Indicate the download will use the RTMP protocol."""
        self.to_screen(u'RTMP download detected')

    def _signature_cache_id(self, example_sig):
        """ Return a string representation of a signature """
        return u'.'.join(compat_str(len(part)) for part in example_sig.split('.'))

    def _extract_signature_function(self, video_id, player_url, example_sig):
        id_m = re.match(
            r'.*-(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)(?:/watch_as3|/html5player)?\.(?P<ext>[a-z]+)$',
            player_url)
        if not id_m:
            raise ExtractorError('Cannot identify player %r' % player_url)
        player_type = id_m.group('ext')
        player_id = id_m.group('id')

        # Read from filesystem cache
        func_id = '%s_%s_%s' % (
            player_type, player_id, self._signature_cache_id(example_sig))
        assert os.path.basename(func_id) == func_id

        cache_spec = self._downloader.cache.load(u'youtube-sigfuncs', func_id)
        if cache_spec is not None:
            return lambda s: u''.join(s[i] for i in cache_spec)

        if player_type == 'js':
            code = self._download_webpage(
                player_url, video_id,
                note=u'Downloading %s player %s' % (player_type, player_id),
                errnote=u'Download of %s failed' % player_url)
            res = self._parse_sig_js(code)
        elif player_type == 'swf':
            urlh = self._request_webpage(
                player_url, video_id,
                note=u'Downloading %s player %s' % (player_type, player_id),
                errnote=u'Download of %s failed' % player_url)
            code = urlh.read()
            res = self._parse_sig_swf(code)
        else:
            assert False, 'Invalid player type %r' % player_type

        if cache_spec is None:
            test_string = u''.join(map(compat_chr, range(len(example_sig))))
            cache_res = res(test_string)
            cache_spec = [ord(c) for c in cache_res]

        self._downloader.cache.store(u'youtube-sigfuncs', func_id, cache_spec)
        return res

    def _print_sig_code(self, func, example_sig):
        def gen_sig_code(idxs):
            def _genslice(start, end, step):
                starts = u'' if start == 0 else str(start)
                ends = (u':%d' % (end+step)) if end + step >= 0 else u':'
                steps = u'' if step == 1 else (u':%d' % step)
                return u's[%s%s%s]' % (starts, ends, steps)

            step = None
            start = '(Never used)'  # Quelch pyflakes warnings - start will be
                                    # set as soon as step is set
            for i, prev in zip(idxs[1:], idxs[:-1]):
                if step is not None:
                    if i - prev == step:
                        continue
                    yield _genslice(start, prev, step)
                    step = None
                    continue
                if i - prev in [-1, 1]:
                    step = i - prev
                    start = prev
                    continue
                else:
                    yield u's[%d]' % prev
            if step is None:
                yield u's[%d]' % i
            else:
                yield _genslice(start, i, step)

        test_string = u''.join(map(compat_chr, range(len(example_sig))))
        cache_res = func(test_string)
        cache_spec = [ord(c) for c in cache_res]
        expr_code = u' + '.join(gen_sig_code(cache_spec))
        signature_id_tuple = '(%s)' % (
            ', '.join(compat_str(len(p)) for p in example_sig.split('.')))
        code = (u'if tuple(len(p) for p in s.split(\'.\')) == %s:\n'
                u'    return %s\n') % (signature_id_tuple, expr_code)
        self.to_screen(u'Extracted signature function:\n' + code)

    def _parse_sig_js(self, jscode):
        funcname = self._search_regex(
            r'signature=([$a-zA-Z]+)', jscode,
             u'Initial JS player signature function name')

        jsi = JSInterpreter(jscode)
        initial_function = jsi.extract_function(funcname)
        return lambda s: initial_function([s])

    def _parse_sig_swf(self, file_contents):
        swfi = SWFInterpreter(file_contents)
        TARGET_CLASSNAME = u'SignatureDecipher'
        searched_class = swfi.extract_class(TARGET_CLASSNAME)
        initial_function = swfi.extract_function(searched_class, u'decipher')
        return lambda s: initial_function([s])

    def _decrypt_signature(self, s, video_id, player_url, age_gate=False):
        """Turn the encrypted s field into a working signature"""

        if player_url is None:
            raise ExtractorError(u'Cannot decrypt signature without player_url')

        if player_url.startswith(u'//'):
            player_url = u'https:' + player_url
        try:
            player_id = (player_url, self._signature_cache_id(s))
            if player_id not in self._player_cache:
                func = self._extract_signature_function(
                    video_id, player_url, s
                )
                self._player_cache[player_id] = func
            func = self._player_cache[player_id]
            if self._downloader.params.get('youtube_print_sig_code'):
                self._print_sig_code(func, s)
            return func(s)
        except Exception as e:
            tb = traceback.format_exc()
            raise ExtractorError(
                u'Signature extraction failed: ' + tb, cause=e)

    def _get_available_subtitles(self, video_id, webpage):
        try:
            sub_list = self._download_webpage(
                'https://video.google.com/timedtext?hl=en&type=list&v=%s' % video_id,
                video_id, note=False)
        except ExtractorError as err:
            self._downloader.report_warning(u'unable to download video subtitles: %s' % compat_str(err))
            return {}
        lang_list = re.findall(r'name="([^"]*)"[^>]+lang_code="([\w\-]+)"', sub_list)

        sub_lang_list = {}
        for l in lang_list:
            lang = l[1]
            if lang in sub_lang_list:
                continue
            params = compat_urllib_parse.urlencode({
                'lang': lang,
                'v': video_id,
                'fmt': self._downloader.params.get('subtitlesformat', 'srt'),
                'name': unescapeHTML(l[0]).encode('utf-8'),
            })
            url = u'https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?' + params
            sub_lang_list[lang] = url
        if not sub_lang_list:
            self._downloader.report_warning(u'video doesn\'t have subtitles')
            return {}
        return sub_lang_list

    def _get_available_automatic_caption(self, video_id, webpage):
        """We need the webpage for getting the captions url, pass it as an
           argument to speed up the process."""
        sub_format = self._downloader.params.get('subtitlesformat', 'srt')
        self.to_screen(u'%s: Looking for automatic captions' % video_id)
        mobj = re.search(r';ytplayer.config = ({.*?});', webpage)
        err_msg = u'Couldn\'t find automatic captions for %s' % video_id
        if mobj is None:
            self._downloader.report_warning(err_msg)
            return {}
        player_config = json.loads(mobj.group(1))
        try:
            args = player_config[u'args']
            caption_url = args[u'ttsurl']
            timestamp = args[u'timestamp']
            # We get the available subtitles
            list_params = compat_urllib_parse.urlencode({
                'type': 'list',
                'tlangs': 1,
                'asrs': 1,
            })
            list_url = caption_url + '&' + list_params
            caption_list = self._download_xml(list_url, video_id)
            original_lang_node = caption_list.find('track')
            if original_lang_node is None or original_lang_node.attrib.get('kind') != 'asr' :
                self._downloader.report_warning(u'Video doesn\'t have automatic captions')
                return {}
            original_lang = original_lang_node.attrib['lang_code']

            sub_lang_list = {}
            for lang_node in caption_list.findall('target'):
                sub_lang = lang_node.attrib['lang_code']
                params = compat_urllib_parse.urlencode({
                    'lang': original_lang,
                    'tlang': sub_lang,
                    'fmt': sub_format,
                    'ts': timestamp,
                    'kind': 'asr',
                })
                sub_lang_list[sub_lang] = caption_url + '&' + params
            return sub_lang_list
        # An extractor error can be raise by the download process if there are
        # no automatic captions but there are subtitles
        except (KeyError, ExtractorError):
            self._downloader.report_warning(err_msg)
            return {}

    @classmethod
    def extract_id(cls, url):
        mobj = re.match(cls._VALID_URL, url, re.VERBOSE)
        if mobj is None:
            raise ExtractorError(u'Invalid URL: %s' % url)
        video_id = mobj.group(2)
        return video_id

    def _extract_from_m3u8(self, manifest_url, video_id):
        url_map = {}
        def _get_urls(_manifest):
            lines = _manifest.split('\n')
            urls = filter(lambda l: l and not l.startswith('#'),
                            lines)
            return urls
        manifest = self._download_webpage(manifest_url, video_id, u'Downloading formats manifest')
        formats_urls = _get_urls(manifest)
        for format_url in formats_urls:
            itag = self._search_regex(r'itag/(\d+?)/', format_url, 'itag')
            url_map[itag] = format_url
        return url_map

    def _extract_annotations(self, video_id):
        url = 'https://www.youtube.com/annotations_invideo?features=1&legacy=1&video_id=%s' % video_id
        return self._download_webpage(url, video_id, note=u'Searching for annotations.', errnote=u'Unable to download video annotations.')

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        proto = (
            u'http' if self._downloader.params.get('prefer_insecure', False)
            else u'https')

        # Extract original video URL from URL with redirection, like age verification, using next_url parameter
        mobj = re.search(self._NEXT_URL_RE, url)
        if mobj:
            url = proto + '://www.youtube.com/' + compat_urllib_parse.unquote(mobj.group(1)).lstrip('/')
        video_id = self.extract_id(url)

        # Get video webpage
        url = proto + '://www.youtube.com/watch?v=%s&gl=US&hl=en&has_verified=1' % video_id
        video_webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)

        # Attempt to extract SWF player URL
        mobj = re.search(r'swfConfig.*?"(https?:\\/\\/.*?watch.*?-.*?\.swf)"', video_webpage)
        if mobj is not None:
            player_url = re.sub(r'\\(.)', r'\1', mobj.group(1))
        else:
            player_url = None

        # Get video info
        self.report_video_info_webpage_download(video_id)
        if re.search(r'player-age-gate-content">', video_webpage) is not None:
            self.report_age_confirmation()
            age_gate = True
            # We simulate the access to the video from www.youtube.com/v/{video_id}
            # this can be viewed without login into Youtube
            data = compat_urllib_parse.urlencode({
                'video_id': video_id,
                'eurl': 'https://youtube.googleapis.com/v/' + video_id,
                'sts': self._search_regex(
                    r'"sts"\s*:\s*(\d+)', video_webpage, 'sts'),
            })
            video_info_url = proto + '://www.youtube.com/get_video_info?' + data
            video_info_webpage = self._download_webpage(video_info_url, video_id,
                                    note=False,
                                    errnote='unable to download video info webpage')
            video_info = compat_parse_qs(video_info_webpage)
        else:
            age_gate = False
            for el_type in ['&el=embedded', '&el=detailpage', '&el=vevo', '']:
                video_info_url = (proto + '://www.youtube.com/get_video_info?&video_id=%s%s&ps=default&eurl=&gl=US&hl=en'
                        % (video_id, el_type))
                video_info_webpage = self._download_webpage(video_info_url, video_id,
                                        note=False,
                                        errnote='unable to download video info webpage')
                video_info = compat_parse_qs(video_info_webpage)
                if 'token' in video_info:
                    break
        if 'token' not in video_info:
            if 'reason' in video_info:
                raise ExtractorError(
                    u'YouTube said: %s' % video_info['reason'][0],
                    expected=True, video_id=video_id)
            else:
                raise ExtractorError(
                    u'"token" parameter not in video info for unknown reason',
                    video_id=video_id)

        if 'view_count' in video_info:
            view_count = int(video_info['view_count'][0])
        else:
            view_count = None

        # Check for "rental" videos
        if 'ypc_video_rental_bar_text' in video_info and 'author' not in video_info:
            raise ExtractorError(u'"rental" videos not supported')

        # Start extracting information
        self.report_information_extraction(video_id)

        # uploader
        if 'author' not in video_info:
            raise ExtractorError(u'Unable to extract uploader name')
        video_uploader = compat_urllib_parse.unquote_plus(video_info['author'][0])

        # uploader_id
        video_uploader_id = None
        mobj = re.search(r'<link itemprop="url" href="http://www.youtube.com/(?:user|channel)/([^"]+)">', video_webpage)
        if mobj is not None:
            video_uploader_id = mobj.group(1)
        else:
            self._downloader.report_warning(u'unable to extract uploader nickname')

        # title
        if 'title' in video_info:
            video_title = video_info['title'][0]
        else:
            self._downloader.report_warning(u'Unable to extract video title')
            video_title = u'_'

        # thumbnail image
        # We try first to get a high quality image:
        m_thumb = re.search(r'<span itemprop="thumbnail".*?href="(.*?)">',
                            video_webpage, re.DOTALL)
        if m_thumb is not None:
            video_thumbnail = m_thumb.group(1)
        elif 'thumbnail_url' not in video_info:
            self._downloader.report_warning(u'unable to extract video thumbnail')
            video_thumbnail = None
        else:   # don't panic if we can't find it
            video_thumbnail = compat_urllib_parse.unquote_plus(video_info['thumbnail_url'][0])

        # upload date
        upload_date = None
        mobj = re.search(r'(?s)id="eow-date.*?>(.*?)</span>', video_webpage)
        if mobj is None:
            mobj = re.search(
                r'(?s)id="watch-uploader-info".*?>.*?(?:Published|Uploaded|Streamed live) on (.*?)</strong>',
                video_webpage)
        if mobj is not None:
            upload_date = ' '.join(re.sub(r'[/,-]', r' ', mobj.group(1)).split())
            upload_date = unified_strdate(upload_date)

        m_cat_container = self._search_regex(
            r'(?s)<h4[^>]*>\s*Category\s*</h4>\s*<ul[^>]*>(.*?)</ul>',
            video_webpage, 'categories', fatal=False)
        if m_cat_container:
            category = self._html_search_regex(
                r'(?s)<a[^<]+>(.*?)</a>', m_cat_container, 'category',
                default=None)
            video_categories = None if category is None else [category]
        else:
            video_categories = None

        # description
        video_description = get_element_by_id("eow-description", video_webpage)
        if video_description:
            video_description = re.sub(r'''(?x)
                <a\s+
                    (?:[a-zA-Z-]+="[^"]+"\s+)*?
                    title="([^"]+)"\s+
                    (?:[a-zA-Z-]+="[^"]+"\s+)*?
                    class="yt-uix-redirect-link"\s*>
                [^<]+
                </a>
            ''', r'\1', video_description)
            video_description = clean_html(video_description)
        else:
            fd_mobj = re.search(r'<meta name="description" content="([^"]+)"', video_webpage)
            if fd_mobj:
                video_description = unescapeHTML(fd_mobj.group(1))
            else:
                video_description = u''

        def _extract_count(count_name):
            count = self._search_regex(
                r'id="watch-%s"[^>]*>.*?([\d,]+)\s*</span>' % re.escape(count_name),
                video_webpage, count_name, default=None)
            if count is not None:
                return int(count.replace(',', ''))
            return None
        like_count = _extract_count(u'like')
        dislike_count = _extract_count(u'dislike')

        # subtitles
        video_subtitles = self.extract_subtitles(video_id, video_webpage)

        if self._downloader.params.get('listsubtitles', False):
            self._list_available_subtitles(video_id, video_webpage)
            return

        if 'length_seconds' not in video_info:
            self._downloader.report_warning(u'unable to extract video duration')
            video_duration = None
        else:
            video_duration = int(compat_urllib_parse.unquote_plus(video_info['length_seconds'][0]))

        # annotations
        video_annotations = None
        if self._downloader.params.get('writeannotations', False):
                video_annotations = self._extract_annotations(video_id)

        # Decide which formats to download
        try:
            mobj = re.search(r';ytplayer\.config\s*=\s*({.*?});', video_webpage)
            if not mobj:
                raise ValueError('Could not find vevo ID')
            json_code = uppercase_escape(mobj.group(1))
            ytplayer_config = json.loads(json_code)
            args = ytplayer_config['args']
            # Easy way to know if the 's' value is in url_encoded_fmt_stream_map
            # this signatures are encrypted
            if 'url_encoded_fmt_stream_map' not in args:
                raise ValueError(u'No stream_map present')  # caught below
            re_signature = re.compile(r'[&,]s=')
            m_s = re_signature.search(args['url_encoded_fmt_stream_map'])
            if m_s is not None:
                self.to_screen(u'%s: Encrypted signatures detected.' % video_id)
                video_info['url_encoded_fmt_stream_map'] = [args['url_encoded_fmt_stream_map']]
            m_s = re_signature.search(args.get('adaptive_fmts', u''))
            if m_s is not None:
                if 'adaptive_fmts' in video_info:
                    video_info['adaptive_fmts'][0] += ',' + args['adaptive_fmts']
                else:
                    video_info['adaptive_fmts'] = [args['adaptive_fmts']]
        except ValueError:
            pass

        def _map_to_format_list(urlmap):
            formats = []
            for itag, video_real_url in urlmap.items():
                dct = {
                    'format_id': itag,
                    'url': video_real_url,
                    'player_url': player_url,
                }
                if itag in self._formats:
                    dct.update(self._formats[itag])
                formats.append(dct)
            return formats

        if 'conn' in video_info and video_info['conn'][0].startswith('rtmp'):
            self.report_rtmp_download()
            formats = [{
                'format_id': '_rtmp',
                'protocol': 'rtmp',
                'url': video_info['conn'][0],
                'player_url': player_url,
            }]
        elif len(video_info.get('url_encoded_fmt_stream_map', [])) >= 1 or len(video_info.get('adaptive_fmts', [])) >= 1:
            encoded_url_map = video_info.get('url_encoded_fmt_stream_map', [''])[0] + ',' + video_info.get('adaptive_fmts',[''])[0]
            if 'rtmpe%3Dyes' in encoded_url_map:
                raise ExtractorError('rtmpe downloads are not supported, see https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/343 for more information.', expected=True)
            url_map = {}
            for url_data_str in encoded_url_map.split(','):
                url_data = compat_parse_qs(url_data_str)
                if 'itag' not in url_data or 'url' not in url_data:
                    continue
                format_id = url_data['itag'][0]
                url = url_data['url'][0]

                if 'sig' in url_data:
                    url += '&signature=' + url_data['sig'][0]
                elif 's' in url_data:
                    encrypted_sig = url_data['s'][0]

                    if not age_gate:
                        jsplayer_url_json = self._search_regex(
                            r'"assets":.+?"js":\s*("[^"]+")',
                            video_webpage, u'JS player URL')
                        player_url = json.loads(jsplayer_url_json)
                    if player_url is None:
                        player_url_json = self._search_regex(
                            r'ytplayer\.config.*?"url"\s*:\s*("[^"]+")',
                            video_webpage, u'age gate player URL')
                        player_url = json.loads(player_url_json)

                    if self._downloader.params.get('verbose'):
                        if player_url is None:
                            player_version = 'unknown'
                            player_desc = 'unknown'
                        else:
                            if player_url.endswith('swf'):
                                player_version = self._search_regex(
                                    r'-(.+?)(?:/watch_as3)?\.swf$', player_url,
                                    u'flash player', fatal=False)
                                player_desc = 'flash player %s' % player_version
                            else:
                                player_version = self._search_regex(
                                    r'html5player-([^/]+?)(?:/html5player)?\.js',
                                    player_url,
                                    'html5 player', fatal=False)
                                player_desc = u'html5 player %s' % player_version

                        parts_sizes = self._signature_cache_id(encrypted_sig)
                        self.to_screen(u'{%s} signature length %s, %s' %
                            (format_id, parts_sizes, player_desc))

                    signature = self._decrypt_signature(
                        encrypted_sig, video_id, player_url, age_gate)
                    url += '&signature=' + signature
                if 'ratebypass' not in url:
                    url += '&ratebypass=yes'
                url_map[format_id] = url
            formats = _map_to_format_list(url_map)
        elif video_info.get('hlsvp'):
            manifest_url = video_info['hlsvp'][0]
            url_map = self._extract_from_m3u8(manifest_url, video_id)
            formats = _map_to_format_list(url_map)
        else:
            raise ExtractorError(u'no conn, hlsvp or url_encoded_fmt_stream_map information found in video info')

        # Look for the DASH manifest
        if (self._downloader.params.get('youtube_include_dash_manifest', False)):
            try:
                # The DASH manifest used needs to be the one from the original video_webpage.
                # The one found in get_video_info seems to be using different signatures.
                # However, in the case of an age restriction there won't be any embedded dashmpd in the video_webpage.
                # Luckily, it seems, this case uses some kind of default signature (len == 86), so the
                # combination of get_video_info and the _static_decrypt_signature() decryption fallback will work here.
                if age_gate:
                    dash_manifest_url = video_info.get('dashmpd')[0]
                else:
                    dash_manifest_url = ytplayer_config['args']['dashmpd']
                def decrypt_sig(mobj):
                    s = mobj.group(1)
                    dec_s = self._decrypt_signature(s, video_id, player_url, age_gate)
                    return '/signature/%s' % dec_s
                dash_manifest_url = re.sub(r'/s/([\w\.]+)', decrypt_sig, dash_manifest_url)
                dash_doc = self._download_xml(
                    dash_manifest_url, video_id,
                    note=u'Downloading DASH manifest',
                    errnote=u'Could not download DASH manifest')
                for r in dash_doc.findall(u'.//{urn:mpeg:DASH:schema:MPD:2011}Representation'):
                    url_el = r.find('{urn:mpeg:DASH:schema:MPD:2011}BaseURL')
                    if url_el is None:
                        continue
                    format_id = r.attrib['id']
                    video_url = url_el.text
                    filesize = int_or_none(url_el.attrib.get('{http://youtube.com/yt/2012/10/10}contentLength'))
                    f = {
                        'format_id': format_id,
                        'url': video_url,
                        'width': int_or_none(r.attrib.get('width')),
                        'tbr': int_or_none(r.attrib.get('bandwidth'), 1000),
                        'asr': int_or_none(r.attrib.get('audioSamplingRate')),
                        'filesize': filesize,
                    }
                    try:
                        existing_format = next(
                            fo for fo in formats
                            if fo['format_id'] == format_id)
                    except StopIteration:
                        f.update(self._formats.get(format_id, {}))
                        formats.append(f)
                    else:
                        existing_format.update(f)

            except (ExtractorError, KeyError) as e:
                self.report_warning(u'Skipping DASH manifest: %s' % e, video_id)

        self._sort_formats(formats)

        return {
            'id':           video_id,
            'uploader':     video_uploader,
            'uploader_id':  video_uploader_id,
            'upload_date':  upload_date,
            'title':        video_title,
            'thumbnail':    video_thumbnail,
            'description':  video_description,
            'categories':   video_categories,
            'subtitles':    video_subtitles,
            'duration':     video_duration,
            'age_limit':    18 if age_gate else 0,
            'annotations':  video_annotations,
            'webpage_url': proto + '://www.youtube.com/watch?v=%s' % video_id,
            'view_count':   view_count,
            'like_count': like_count,
            'dislike_count': dislike_count,
            'formats':      formats,
        }

class YoutubePlaylistIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
    IE_DESC = u'YouTube.com playlists'
    _VALID_URL = r"""(?x)(?:
                        (?:https?://)?
                        (?:\w+\.)?
                        youtube\.com/
                        (?:
                           (?:course|view_play_list|my_playlists|artist|playlist|watch)
                           \? (?:.*?&)*? (?:p|a|list)=
                        |  p/
                        )
                        (
                            (?:PL|LL|EC|UU|FL|RD)?[0-9A-Za-z-_]{10,}
                            # Top tracks, they can also include dots 
                            |(?:MC)[\w\.]*
                        )
                        .*
                     |
                        ((?:PL|LL|EC|UU|FL|RD)[0-9A-Za-z-_]{10,})
                     )"""
    _TEMPLATE_URL = 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=%s'
    _MORE_PAGES_INDICATOR = r'data-link-type="next"'
    _VIDEO_RE = r'href="\s*/watch\?v=(?P<id>[0-9A-Za-z_-]{11})&amp;[^"]*?index=(?P<index>\d+)'
    IE_NAME = u'youtube:playlist'

    def _real_initialize(self):
        self._login()

    def _ids_to_results(self, ids):
        return [
            self.url_result(vid_id, 'Youtube', video_id=vid_id)
            for vid_id in ids]

    def _extract_mix(self, playlist_id):
        # The mixes are generated from a a single video
        # the id of the playlist is just 'RD' + video_id
        url = 'https://youtube.com/watch?v=%s&list=%s' % (playlist_id[-11:], playlist_id)
        webpage = self._download_webpage(
            url, playlist_id, u'Downloading Youtube mix')
        search_title = lambda class_name: get_element_by_attribute('class', class_name, webpage)
        title_span = (
            search_title('playlist-title') or
            search_title('title long-title') or
            search_title('title'))
        title = clean_html(title_span)
        ids = orderedSet(re.findall(
            r'''(?xs)data-video-username=".*?".*?
                       href="/watch\?v=([0-9A-Za-z_-]{11})&amp;[^"]*?list=%s''' % re.escape(playlist_id),
            webpage))
        url_results = self._ids_to_results(ids)

        return self.playlist_result(url_results, playlist_id, title)

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        # Extract playlist id
        mobj = re.match(self._VALID_URL, url)
        if mobj is None:
            raise ExtractorError(u'Invalid URL: %s' % url)
        playlist_id = mobj.group(1) or mobj.group(2)

        # Check if it's a video-specific URL
        query_dict = compat_urlparse.parse_qs(compat_urlparse.urlparse(url).query)
        if 'v' in query_dict:
            video_id = query_dict['v'][0]
            if self._downloader.params.get('noplaylist'):
                self.to_screen(u'Downloading just video %s because of --no-playlist' % video_id)
                return self.url_result(video_id, 'Youtube', video_id=video_id)
            else:
                self.to_screen(u'Downloading playlist %s - add --no-playlist to just download video %s' % (playlist_id, video_id))

        if playlist_id.startswith('RD'):
            # Mixes require a custom extraction process
            return self._extract_mix(playlist_id)
        if playlist_id.startswith('TL'):
            raise ExtractorError(u'For downloading YouTube.com top lists, use '
                u'the "yttoplist" keyword, for example "youtube-dl \'yttoplist:music:Top Tracks\'"', expected=True)

        url = self._TEMPLATE_URL % playlist_id
        page = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
        more_widget_html = content_html = page

        # Check if the playlist exists or is private
        if re.search(r'<div class="yt-alert-message">[^<]*?(The|This) playlist (does not exist|is private)[^<]*?</div>', page) is not None:
            raise ExtractorError(
                u'The playlist doesn\'t exist or is private, use --username or '
                '--netrc to access it.',
                expected=True)

        # Extract the video ids from the playlist pages
        ids = []

        for page_num in itertools.count(1):
            matches = re.finditer(self._VIDEO_RE, content_html)
            # We remove the duplicates and the link with index 0
            # (it's not the first video of the playlist)
            new_ids = orderedSet(m.group('id') for m in matches if m.group('index') != '0')
            ids.extend(new_ids)

            mobj = re.search(r'data-uix-load-more-href="/?(?P<more>[^"]+)"', more_widget_html)
            if not mobj:
                break

            more = self._download_json(
                'https://youtube.com/%s' % mobj.group('more'), playlist_id,
                'Downloading page #%s' % page_num,
                transform_source=uppercase_escape)
            content_html = more['content_html']
            more_widget_html = more['load_more_widget_html']

        playlist_title = self._html_search_regex(
            r'(?s)<h1 class="pl-header-title[^"]*">\s*(.*?)\s*</h1>',
            page, u'title')

        url_results = self._ids_to_results(ids)
        return self.playlist_result(url_results, playlist_id, playlist_title)


class YoutubeTopListIE(YoutubePlaylistIE):
    IE_NAME = u'youtube:toplist'
    IE_DESC = (u'YouTube.com top lists, "yttoplist:{channel}:{list title}"'
        u' (Example: "yttoplist:music:Top Tracks")')
    _VALID_URL = r'yttoplist:(?P<chann>.*?):(?P<title>.*?)$'

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        mobj = re.match(self._VALID_URL, url)
        channel = mobj.group('chann')
        title = mobj.group('title')
        query = compat_urllib_parse.urlencode({'title': title})
        playlist_re = 'href="([^"]+?%s.*?)"' % re.escape(query)
        channel_page = self._download_webpage('https://www.youtube.com/%s' % channel, title)
        link = self._html_search_regex(playlist_re, channel_page, u'list')
        url = compat_urlparse.urljoin('https://www.youtube.com/', link)
        
        video_re = r'data-index="\d+".*?data-video-id="([0-9A-Za-z_-]{11})"'
        ids = []
        # sometimes the webpage doesn't contain the videos
        # retry until we get them
        for i in itertools.count(0):
            msg = u'Downloading Youtube mix'
            if i > 0:
                msg += ', retry #%d' % i

            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, title, msg)
            ids = orderedSet(re.findall(video_re, webpage))
            if ids:
                break
        url_results = self._ids_to_results(ids)
        return self.playlist_result(url_results, playlist_title=title)


class YoutubeChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
    IE_DESC = u'YouTube.com channels'
    _VALID_URL = r"^(?:https?://)?(?:youtu\.be|(?:\w+\.)?youtube(?:-nocookie)?\.com)/channel/([0-9A-Za-z_-]+)"
    _MORE_PAGES_INDICATOR = 'yt-uix-load-more'
    _MORE_PAGES_URL = 'https://www.youtube.com/c4_browse_ajax?action_load_more_videos=1&flow=list&paging=%s&view=0&sort=da&channel_id=%s'
    IE_NAME = u'youtube:channel'

    def extract_videos_from_page(self, page):
        ids_in_page = []
        for mobj in re.finditer(r'href="/watch\?v=([0-9A-Za-z_-]+)&?', page):
            if mobj.group(1) not in ids_in_page:
                ids_in_page.append(mobj.group(1))
        return ids_in_page

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        # Extract channel id
        mobj = re.match(self._VALID_URL, url)
        if mobj is None:
            raise ExtractorError(u'Invalid URL: %s' % url)

        # Download channel page
        channel_id = mobj.group(1)
        video_ids = []
        url = 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/%s/videos' % channel_id
        channel_page = self._download_webpage(url, channel_id)
        autogenerated = re.search(r'''(?x)
                class="[^"]*?(?:
                    channel-header-autogenerated-label|
                    yt-channel-title-autogenerated
                )[^"]*"''', channel_page) is not None

        if autogenerated:
            # The videos are contained in a single page
            # the ajax pages can't be used, they are empty
            video_ids = self.extract_videos_from_page(channel_page)
        else:
            # Download all channel pages using the json-based channel_ajax query
            for pagenum in itertools.count(1):
                url = self._MORE_PAGES_URL % (pagenum, channel_id)
                page = self._download_json(
                    url, channel_id, note=u'Downloading page #%s' % pagenum,
                    transform_source=uppercase_escape)

                ids_in_page = self.extract_videos_from_page(page['content_html'])
                video_ids.extend(ids_in_page)
    
                if self._MORE_PAGES_INDICATOR not in page['load_more_widget_html']:
                    break

        self._downloader.to_screen(u'[youtube] Channel %s: Found %i videos' % (channel_id, len(video_ids)))

        url_entries = [self.url_result(video_id, 'Youtube', video_id=video_id)
                       for video_id in video_ids]
        return self.playlist_result(url_entries, channel_id)


class YoutubeUserIE(InfoExtractor):
    IE_DESC = u'YouTube.com user videos (URL or "ytuser" keyword)'
    _VALID_URL = r'(?:(?:(?:https?://)?(?:\w+\.)?youtube\.com/(?:user/)?(?!(?:attribution_link|watch|results)(?:$|[^a-z_A-Z0-9-])))|ytuser:)(?!feed/)([A-Za-z0-9_-]+)'
    _TEMPLATE_URL = 'https://gdata.youtube.com/feeds/api/users/%s'
    _GDATA_PAGE_SIZE = 50
    _GDATA_URL = 'https://gdata.youtube.com/feeds/api/users/%s/uploads?max-results=%d&start-index=%d&alt=json'
    IE_NAME = u'youtube:user'

    @classmethod
    def suitable(cls, url):
        # Don't return True if the url can be extracted with other youtube
        # extractor, the regex would is too permissive and it would match.
        other_ies = iter(klass for (name, klass) in globals().items() if name.endswith('IE') and klass is not cls)
        if any(ie.suitable(url) for ie in other_ies): return False
        else: return super(YoutubeUserIE, cls).suitable(url)

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        # Extract username
        mobj = re.match(self._VALID_URL, url)
        if mobj is None:
            raise ExtractorError(u'Invalid URL: %s' % url)

        username = mobj.group(1)

        # Download video ids using YouTube Data API. Result size per
        # query is limited (currently to 50 videos) so we need to query
        # page by page until there are no video ids - it means we got
        # all of them.

        def download_page(pagenum):
            start_index = pagenum * self._GDATA_PAGE_SIZE + 1

            gdata_url = self._GDATA_URL % (username, self._GDATA_PAGE_SIZE, start_index)
            page = self._download_webpage(
                gdata_url, username,
                u'Downloading video ids from %d to %d' % (
                    start_index, start_index + self._GDATA_PAGE_SIZE))

            try:
                response = json.loads(page)
            except ValueError as err:
                raise ExtractorError(u'Invalid JSON in API response: ' + compat_str(err))
            if 'entry' not in response['feed']:
                return

            # Extract video identifiers
            entries = response['feed']['entry']
            for entry in entries:
                title = entry['title']['$t']
                video_id = entry['id']['$t'].split('/')[-1]
                yield {
                    '_type': 'url',
                    'url': video_id,
                    'ie_key': 'Youtube',
                    'id': video_id,
                    'title': title,
                }
        url_results = PagedList(download_page, self._GDATA_PAGE_SIZE)

        return self.playlist_result(url_results, playlist_title=username)


class YoutubeSearchIE(SearchInfoExtractor):
    IE_DESC = u'YouTube.com searches'
    _API_URL = u'https://gdata.youtube.com/feeds/api/videos?q=%s&start-index=%i&max-results=50&v=2&alt=jsonc'
    _MAX_RESULTS = 1000
    IE_NAME = u'youtube:search'
    _SEARCH_KEY = 'ytsearch'

    def _get_n_results(self, query, n):
        """Get a specified number of results for a query"""

        video_ids = []
        pagenum = 0
        limit = n
        PAGE_SIZE = 50

        while (PAGE_SIZE * pagenum) < limit:
            result_url = self._API_URL % (
                compat_urllib_parse.quote_plus(query.encode('utf-8')),
                (PAGE_SIZE * pagenum) + 1)
            data_json = self._download_webpage(
                result_url, video_id=u'query "%s"' % query,
                note=u'Downloading page %s' % (pagenum + 1),
                errnote=u'Unable to download API page')
            data = json.loads(data_json)
            api_response = data['data']

            if 'items' not in api_response:
                raise ExtractorError(
                    u'[youtube] No video results', expected=True)

            new_ids = list(video['id'] for video in api_response['items'])
            video_ids += new_ids

            limit = min(n, api_response['totalItems'])
            pagenum += 1

        if len(video_ids) > n:
            video_ids = video_ids[:n]
        videos = [self.url_result(video_id, 'Youtube', video_id=video_id)
                  for video_id in video_ids]
        return self.playlist_result(videos, query)


class YoutubeSearchDateIE(YoutubeSearchIE):
    IE_NAME = YoutubeSearchIE.IE_NAME + ':date'
    _API_URL = 'https://gdata.youtube.com/feeds/api/videos?q=%s&start-index=%i&max-results=50&v=2&alt=jsonc&orderby=published'
    _SEARCH_KEY = 'ytsearchdate'
    IE_DESC = u'YouTube.com searches, newest videos first'


class YoutubeSearchURLIE(InfoExtractor):
    IE_DESC = u'YouTube.com search URLs'
    IE_NAME = u'youtube:search_url'
    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?youtube\.com/results\?(.*?&)?search_query=(?P<query>[^&]+)(?:[&]|$)'

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        mobj = re.match(self._VALID_URL, url)
        query = compat_urllib_parse.unquote_plus(mobj.group('query'))

        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, query)
        result_code = self._search_regex(
            r'(?s)<ol class="item-section"(.*?)</ol>', webpage, u'result HTML')

        part_codes = re.findall(
            r'(?s)<h3 class="yt-lockup-title">(.*?)</h3>', result_code)
        entries = []
        for part_code in part_codes:
            part_title = self._html_search_regex(
                [r'(?s)title="([^"]+)"', r'>([^<]+)</a>'], part_code, 'item title', fatal=False)
            part_url_snippet = self._html_search_regex(
                r'(?s)href="([^"]+)"', part_code, 'item URL')
            part_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(
                'https://www.youtube.com/', part_url_snippet)
            entries.append({
                '_type': 'url',
                'url': part_url,
                'title': part_title,
            })

        return {
            '_type': 'playlist',
            'entries': entries,
            'title': query,
        }


class YoutubeShowIE(InfoExtractor):
    IE_DESC = u'YouTube.com (multi-season) shows'
    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.youtube\.com/show/(.*)'
    IE_NAME = u'youtube:show'

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        mobj = re.match(self._VALID_URL, url)
        show_name = mobj.group(1)
        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, show_name, u'Downloading show webpage')
        # There's one playlist for each season of the show
        m_seasons = list(re.finditer(r'href="(/playlist\?list=.*?)"', webpage))
        self.to_screen(u'%s: Found %s seasons' % (show_name, len(m_seasons)))
        return [self.url_result('https://www.youtube.com' + season.group(1), 'YoutubePlaylist') for season in m_seasons]


class YoutubeFeedsInfoExtractor(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
    """
    Base class for extractors that fetch info from
    http://www.youtube.com/feed_ajax
    Subclasses must define the _FEED_NAME and _PLAYLIST_TITLE properties.
    """
    _LOGIN_REQUIRED = True
    # use action_load_personal_feed instead of action_load_system_feed
    _PERSONAL_FEED = False

    @property
    def _FEED_TEMPLATE(self):
        action = 'action_load_system_feed'
        if self._PERSONAL_FEED:
            action = 'action_load_personal_feed'
        return 'https://www.youtube.com/feed_ajax?%s=1&feed_name=%s&paging=%%s' % (action, self._FEED_NAME)

    @property
    def IE_NAME(self):
        return u'youtube:%s' % self._FEED_NAME

    def _real_initialize(self):
        self._login()

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        feed_entries = []
        paging = 0
        for i in itertools.count(1):
            info = self._download_json(self._FEED_TEMPLATE % paging,
                                          u'%s feed' % self._FEED_NAME,
                                          u'Downloading page %s' % i)
            feed_html = info.get('feed_html') or info.get('content_html')
            m_ids = re.finditer(r'"/watch\?v=(.*?)["&]', feed_html)
            ids = orderedSet(m.group(1) for m in m_ids)
            feed_entries.extend(
                self.url_result(video_id, 'Youtube', video_id=video_id)
                for video_id in ids)
            mobj = re.search(
                r'data-uix-load-more-href="/?[^"]+paging=(?P<paging>\d+)',
                feed_html)
            if mobj is None:
                break
            paging = mobj.group('paging')
        return self.playlist_result(feed_entries, playlist_title=self._PLAYLIST_TITLE)

class YoutubeRecommendedIE(YoutubeFeedsInfoExtractor):
    IE_DESC = u'YouTube.com recommended videos, "ytrec" keyword (requires authentication)'
    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.youtube\.com/feed/recommended|:ytrec(?:ommended)?'
    _FEED_NAME = 'recommended'
    _PLAYLIST_TITLE = u'Youtube Recommended videos'

class YoutubeWatchLaterIE(YoutubeFeedsInfoExtractor):
    IE_DESC = u'Youtube watch later list, "ytwatchlater" keyword (requires authentication)'
    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.youtube\.com/feed/watch_later|:ytwatchlater'
    _FEED_NAME = 'watch_later'
    _PLAYLIST_TITLE = u'Youtube Watch Later'
    _PERSONAL_FEED = True

class YoutubeHistoryIE(YoutubeFeedsInfoExtractor):
    IE_DESC = u'Youtube watch history, "ythistory" keyword (requires authentication)'
    _VALID_URL = u'https?://www\.youtube\.com/feed/history|:ythistory'
    _FEED_NAME = 'history'
    _PERSONAL_FEED = True
    _PLAYLIST_TITLE = u'Youtube Watch History'

class YoutubeFavouritesIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
    IE_NAME = u'youtube:favorites'
    IE_DESC = u'YouTube.com favourite videos, "ytfav" keyword (requires authentication)'
    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.youtube\.com/my_favorites|:ytfav(?:ou?rites)?'
    _LOGIN_REQUIRED = True

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        webpage = self._download_webpage('https://www.youtube.com/my_favorites', 'Youtube Favourites videos')
        playlist_id = self._search_regex(r'list=(.+?)["&]', webpage, u'favourites playlist id')
        return self.url_result(playlist_id, 'YoutubePlaylist')


class YoutubeSubscriptionsIE(YoutubePlaylistIE):
    IE_NAME = u'youtube:subscriptions'
    IE_DESC = u'YouTube.com subscriptions feed, "ytsubs" keyword (requires authentication)'
    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.youtube\.com/feed/subscriptions|:ytsubs(?:criptions)?'

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        title = u'Youtube Subscriptions'
        page = self._download_webpage('https://www.youtube.com/feed/subscriptions', title)

        # The extraction process is the same as for playlists, but the regex
        # for the video ids doesn't contain an index
        ids = []
        more_widget_html = content_html = page

        for page_num in itertools.count(1):
            matches = re.findall(r'href="\s*/watch\?v=([0-9A-Za-z_-]{11})', content_html)
            new_ids = orderedSet(matches)
            ids.extend(new_ids)

            mobj = re.search(r'data-uix-load-more-href="/?(?P<more>[^"]+)"', more_widget_html)
            if not mobj:
                break

            more = self._download_json(
                'https://youtube.com/%s' % mobj.group('more'), title,
                'Downloading page #%s' % page_num,
                transform_source=uppercase_escape)
            content_html = more['content_html']
            more_widget_html = more['load_more_widget_html']

        return {
            '_type': 'playlist',
            'title': title,
            'entries': self._ids_to_results(ids),
        }


class YoutubeTruncatedURLIE(InfoExtractor):
    IE_NAME = 'youtube:truncated_url'
    IE_DESC = False  # Do not list
    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
        (?:https?://)?[^/]+/watch\?(?:
            feature=[a-z_]+|
            annotation_id=annotation_[^&]+
        )?$|
        (?:https?://)?(?:www\.)?youtube\.com/attribution_link\?a=[^&]+$
    '''

    _TESTS = [{
        'url': 'http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_3951667041',
        'only_matching': True,
    }, {
        'url': 'http://www.youtube.com/watch?',
        'only_matching': True,
    }]

    def _real_extract(self, url):
        raise ExtractorError(
            u'Did you forget to quote the URL? Remember that & is a meta '
            u'character in most shells, so you want to put the URL in quotes, '
            u'like  youtube-dl '
            u'"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=foo&v=BaW_jenozKc" '
            u' or simply  youtube-dl BaW_jenozKc  .',
            expected=True)